Ngaba wakha wazibuza ukuba yintoni eyenza umhlaba unamathelene? Nali icebiso: ayisiyongqayi elingana neshishini lecosmic super glue. Hayi, imfihlelo yokugcina izinto kunye yinkqubo yokudibanisa imichiza eyaziwa ngokuba yi-valent bonding - apho i-electrons kumaqokobhe angaphandle e-athomu adibanisa omnye nomnye ukwenza iimolekyuli. Iibhondi zeCovalent zezinye zezona zibophelelo zinamandla kwindalo yonke.
Utata weeBond zeCovalent-Irving Langmuir
Ihlabathi lenzululwazi yemichiza laziswa kumgaqo wokubambisana ngowe-1919. Ingcali yemichiza eyaphumelela iBhaso likaNobel kwikamva u-Irving Langmuir wayila eli gama ukuchaza iqhina lemolekyuli eyenziwe ziielectron kwiqokobhe elingaphandle okanye i-valence yee-athom. Igama elithi 'covalent bond' laqala ukusetyenziswa ngo-1939.
Usokhemisti waseMelika, u-Irving Langmuir wazalelwa eBrooklyn, eNew York, ngoJanuwari 31, 1881, njengowesithathu koonyana abane kuCharles Langmuir noSadie Comings. ULangmuir wathweswa isidanga njengenjineli yesinyithi kwiSikolo seMigodi kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia ngo-1903 kwaye wafumana i-M. A. kunye nePh.D. kwezekhemistri ngowe-1906. Umsebenzi wakhe kwimichiza engaphezulu wawuya kuwongwa ngeBhaso likaNobel kwiChemistry, ngowe-1932.
Iiathom kunye neeMolekyuli-Ngaba zibalulekile?
Ngamafutshane, ngaphandle kweeathom indalo ibingayi kubakho. Oku kungenxa yokuba iiathom zezona zitena zokwakha zematter. Kanye kanye kuthethwa ntoni ngombandela? Kwinzululwazi yendalo kunye nemichiza, 'into' ichazwa njengaleyo ithatha indawo kwaye inobunzima bokuphumla, ngakumbi njengoko yahlukile kumandla. Ngoko ngokufutshane nje jikelele, 'umcimbi' yinto yonke.
Iiathom zenziwe ngamasuntswana asisiseko amathathu asisiseko: iiproton, iineutron, kunye neeelectron. Iiproton ngamasuntswana e-subatomic agcina umrhumo ofanelekileyo wombane. I-Neutron ngamasuntswana angaphantsi kwe-subatomic angenayo intlawulo yombane elungileyo okanye engalunganga, okt. Iiprotoni kunye nenyutroni ziyadibana zenze i-nucleus ye-athomu. Ii-electron, uhlobo lokugqibela lwe-subatomic particle, gcina umrhumo ongalunganga wombane kunye nokujikeleza i-nucleus ye-athomu njengelifu.
Ngoko ke yintoni iimolekyuli? Iimolekyuli akukho nto ingaphezulu okanye ingaphantsi kweeathom ezitsalwa kwezinye iiathom ngokwaneleyo ukuba zenze iqhina. Ibhondi yevalence.
I-Molecular Bonding - Iintlobo zeeBonds eziValent
Xa iiathom zibophelelana ukuze zenze iimolekyuli, inkqubo ingenzeka ngeendlela ezimbalwa ezahlukeneyo. Eyona ndlela iphambili ii-athom ziya kudibana yaziwa ngokuba yi-covalent. Igama elithi covalent libhekiselele kwinto yokuba ibhondi ibandakanya ukwabelana ngeperi enye okanye ngaphezulu kwee-electron. Kukho nezinye iindlela apho iiathom zinokwenza iibhondi ze-valent, kuquka:
gta v ps5 cheats
- Iibhondi ze-Ionic okanye iibhondi kwakheka xa iathom enye inika i-electron enye okanye ngaphezulu kwenye athom.
- Iibhondi zentsimbi, uhlobo lweekhemikhali ukudibanisa ebamba iiathom zesinyithi kunye. Ukudityaniswa kwesinyithi kukutsala ngenkani phakathi kwee-electron ze-valence kunye neeathom zentsimbi.
Covalent Molecular Bonds - Elements vs. Compounds
Njengoko umtsalane we-valent phakathi kwee-athom usenzeka zenza iibhondi zemolekyuli okanye izinto ezizikhompawundi okanye izinto. Nangona i-molecular compounds kunye ne-molecular elements zenzeka ngenxa ye-covalent bonding kukho umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwezi zimbini.
Umahluko phakathi kwemolekyuli yekhompawundi kunye nemolekyuli yento kukuba kwimolekyuli yento, zonke iiathom ziyafana. Umzekelo, kwimolekyuli yamanzi (ikhompawundi), kukho iathom enye yeoksijini kunye neeathom ezimbini zehydrogen. Kodwa kwimolekyuli yeoksijini (into), zombini iiathom ziyioksijini.
Imizekelo yeCovalent Bond Compounds
Mininzi imizekelo yeekhompawundi ezinamaqhina amanyeneyo, kuquka iigesi ezikwiatmosfera yethu, amafutha aqhelekileyo kunye noninzi lweekhompawundi emzimbeni wethu. Nantsi imizekelo emithathu.
Imolekyuli yeMethane (CH4)
Ubume be-elektroniki bekhabhoni yi-2,4. Ifuna ii-electron ezi-4 ngaphezulu kwiqokobhe layo elingaphandle ukuze ifane ne-neon yerhasi ebalaseleyo. Ukwenza oku i-athom yekhabhoni enye yabelana ngee-elektroni ezine kunye nee-electron enye ukusuka kwii-athom ze-hydrogen ezine. Imolekyuli yemethane inamabhondi amane eC-H enye.
Imolekyuli yamanzi (H2O)
Iathom enye yeoksijini idibana neeathom ezimbini zehydrogen. Imolekyuli yamanzi inezibophelelo ezimbini ze-O-H enye.
Icarbon dioxide (CO2)
Iathom yekhabhoni enye idibana neeathom zeoksijini ezimbini. I-carbon dioxide molekyuli ineebhondi ezimbini ze-C=O.
yintoni eyenza ulwandle lube netyuwa
Imizekelo ye-Covalent Bond Elements
Xa ngathi iiathom zenza iibhondi zemolekyuli ezihlangeneyo, iziphumo ziziqalelo ezinobumbano. Amanqaku akwi-nonmetal covalent afumaneka kwi-periodic table abandakanya:
into yokunxiba kwikonsathi yentsimbi
- ihydrogen
- ikhabhoni
- initrogen
- phosphorus
- ioksijini
- isulfure kunye neselenium.
Ukongeza, zonke izinto zehalogen, kubandakanya:
- ifluorine
- iklorine
- ibromine
- Iodine kunye ne-astatine, zonke ziyinxalenye ye-covalent nonmetal.
Iibhondi zePolar kunye ne-Non-Polar Covalent
Ngokungafaniyo neebhondi ze-ionic, iibhondi ezidibeneyo zihlala zenza phakathi kwee-athom apho enye yee-athomu ingenako ukufikelela ngokulula kuqwalaselo lwegobolondo legesi ye-electron ngokulahleka okanye ukufumana i-electron enye okanye ezimbini. ... Ke ngoko iiathom ezidityanisiweyo zabelana ngokudibeneyo ii-electron zazo ukugqibezela iqokobhe labo le-valence.
Okukhona umahluko omkhulu we-electronegativity, kokukhona i-ionic ngakumbi ibhondi. Iibhondi eziyinxalenye ye-ionic ziibhondi zepolar covalent. Iibhondi ze-nonpolar covalent, kunye nokwabelana ngokulinganayo kwee-electron zebhondi, zivela xa i-electronegativities yee-athom ezimbini zilingana.
Imizekelo ye-Polar Covalent Bonds
Kwi-polar covalent bond, ii-electron ekwabelwana ngazo ngeeathom zichitha ixesha elininzi, ngokomndilili, kufutshane ne-Oxygen nucleus kune-nucleus yeHydrogen. Oku kungenxa yejometri yemolekyuli kunye nomahluko omkhulu we-electronegativity phakathi kweathom yeHydrogen kunye ne-athomu ye-Oxygen.
I-molecule yamanzi, efinyeziweyo njenge-H2O, ngumzekelo we-polar covalent bond. Ii-electron zabelwana ngokulinganayo, kunye ne-athomu ye-oksijini ichitha ixesha elininzi kunye nee-electron kune-athom ze-hydrogen. Ekubeni ii-electron zichitha ixesha elininzi kunye ne-athomu ye-oxygen, ithwala intlawulo embi.
Imizekelo ye-Non-Polar Covalent Bonds
Iimolekyuli ezingezizo ipolar azinakwenzeka ukuba zikwazi ukunyibilika emanzini. I-non-polar substance yenye ngaphandle kwe-dipole, oku kuthetha ukuba inokusasazwa ngokulinganayo kwee-electron kwisakhiwo sayo se-molecular. Imizekelo iquka ikharbon diokside, ioli yemifuno, kunye neemveliso zepetroleum.
Umzekelo we-nonpolar covalent bond yi-bond phakathi kwe-athom ezimbini ze-hydrogen kuba zabelana ngokulinganayo ii-electron. Omnye umzekelo we-nonpolar covalent bond yi-bond phakathi kwe-athom ezimbini zeklorini kuba nazo zabelana ngokulinganayo ngee-electron.
Iibhondi zeCovalent-Izinto ezisixhenxe ekufuneka uzikhumbule
Nazi iindlela ezimbalwa ezingundoqo zokukunceda ukuba ukhumbule into oyifundileyo malunga neebhondi ze-covalent:
- Iibhondi zeValence kunye ne-covalent zidibanisa iiathomu ukwenza iimolekyuli.
- Iiathom zinokudibana ngeendlela ezintathu eziphambili: iibhondi ezidibeneyo, iibhondi ze-ionic, kunye neebhondi zentsimbi.
- Igama elithi covalent bond lichaza iibhondi kwiikhompawundi eziphuma ekwabelweni kweperi enye okanye ngaphezulu kwee-electron.
- Iibhondi ze-ionic, apho ii-electron zihamba phakathi kweathom, zenzeka xa iiathom ezinee-electron ezimbalwa kwiqokobhe lazo elingaphandle zinika ii-electron kwiiathom kanti ezimbalwa zingekho kwiqokobhe lazo elingaphandle.
- Kwiibhondi zesinyithi, amanani amakhulu e-athomu alahlekelwa ii-electron zawo. Zibanjwe kunye kwi-lattice ngumtsalane phakathi kwee-electron 'zamahhala' kunye neenuclei ezilungileyo.
- I-athomu elahlekelwa yi-electron iba ichaji kakuhle; i-athomu efumana i-electron iba ityala elibi ukuze iiathom ezimbini zitsalwe kunye ngumtsalane wombane wezichasi.
- Ngenxa yokuba zihlawuliswa kakubi, ii-electron ekwabelwana ngazo zitsalwa ngokulinganayo kwi-nucleus efanelekileyo yazo zombini ii-athomu ezibandakanyekayo. Iiathom zibanjwe kunye ngumtsalane phakathi kwe-nucleus nganye kunye nee-electron ekwabelwana ngazo.