Ubuxoki busenokuba bukho ukusukela oko abantu bavelisa intetho kwaye baqala ukubalisa amabali, kodwa igama elithi 'ubuxoki' ngokwalo labakho ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18. Lithatyathwe kwigama elithi 'hocus' elithetha 'ukuqhatha'.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ngelixa iintsomi ezininzi zasezidolophini kunye neziqhulo ezisebenzayo zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yinkohliso, eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo kwiimeko apho umenzi wobubi enze isigqibo esisengqondweni sokwenza ubuqhetseba obunokwenza imali kulowo ukhohlisayo okanye abangele umonakalo ixhoba. Nantsi imizekelo emihlanu yobuxoki abadumileyo abaqhatha amawaka.
pokemon hamba iintsuku zoluntu
Umthi we-BBC Spaghetti
Ngomhla weZidenge zika-Epreli ngo-1957, i-BBC yasasaza ingxelo yemizuzu emithathu yobuqhophololo ebonisa usapho lwaseSwitzerland luvuna ispaghetti emthini, lusiya nengxaki yokufota ifilimu kwihotele yaseSwitzerland. URichard Dimbleby, umsasazi ohlonitshwayo, wanikela ngelizwi, esongezelela ukuthembeka kuloo ngxelo. Ngelixa oku kunokubonakala ngathi kuyahlekisa ngoku, i-spaghetti yayingaziwa e-UK ngelo xesha, abantu abaninzi bathatyathwa kwaye baqhakamshelana ne-BBC ngengcebiso malunga nokuhlakulela imithi yabo ye-spaghetti.
Kuthiwa, abafowunayo baxelelwa yintsini ukuba 'babeke ispaghetti kwitoti yesosi yetumata baze bathembe ukuba baya kuphumelela.' Abanye ababukeli bakhalaze kwi-BBC ngokusasaza ingxelo ekhohlisayo njengenxalenye yenkqubo eyinyani, kwaye namashumi eminyaka kamva kwavunywa ukuba olu sasazo lwalusenokwenzeka ukuba lolona buxoki bukhulu obakha bakhutshwa sisiko seendaba esaziwayo.
Indoda yasePiltdown
Ngowe-1912, umphandi wezinto zakudala ophum’ izandla uCharles Dawson wafumanisa inxalenye yokakayi olufana nomntu kufutshane nedolophana yasePiltdown eSussex, eNgilani. Ubange ukuba olu khakhayi lubonakalise unxibelelwano olulahlekileyo phakathi kwenkawu kunye nomntu, kwaye waqhubeka nokusebenza no-Arthur Smith Woodward, ingcali yejoloji kwiMyuziyam yeMbali yeNdalo, kamva wafumanisa amazinyo, amaqhekeza okakayi ngakumbi, ithambo lomhlathi, kunye nezixhobo zakudala ezithi ube neminyaka engama-500,000 ubudala.
Konke oku kwakukholelwa ixesha elithile, de ubugcisa obutsha ngowe-1949 bungqine ukuba amathambo asele eneminyaka engama-50 000 kuphela ubudala yaye ngoko ke ayengenakuba likhonkco elingekhoyo phakathi kwabantu neenkawu. Yayingeyiyo kuphela imini eyingxaki, kodwa ezinye iintsalela zafunyanwa zivela kwi-orangutan enamazinyo aye afayilwa ngabom ukuze afane nawabantu, kwaye aye angcoliswa ngokwenziwa ukuze abonakale engokoqobo.
Umenzi wobu buxoki akazange afunyanwe, kodwa izityholo zazisiya kude, kwaye abarhanelwa baquka uSir Arthur Conan Doyle, umbhali wamabali kaSherlock Holmes. UConan Doyle wayehlala kufutshane nePiltdown kwaye wayelilungu leqela labembi bezinto zakudala kunye noCharles Dawson. Nangona kunjalo, kungekho bungqina bokwenyani bokumkrokrela ukuba wenze i-hoax, ukhetho olunokwenzeka luhlala lungumfumani wokuqala, uCharles Dawson.
Treacle Imigodi
Mhlawumbi ihlelwa ngcono njengesiqhulo esingenabungozi esidlalwa ngabantu nabantwana abakrelekrele kunenkohliso, imigodi yemigodi iye yaba yinxalenye yentsomi yaseBritani. I-Treacle (enokufana okufana ne-molasses) kuthiwa ininzi kwimigodi engaphantsi komhlaba kwi-England yonke kwaye inokutsalwa njengamalahle.
Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba isihlandlo sokuqala sesiqhulo sasingowe-1853, xa amawakawaka amajoni oMkhosi waseBritani ayemise iintente eSurrey, yaye imiphanda emininzi koovimba babo yayinentlaninge. Xa indawo yachithwa ukuba amajoni aye kulwa kwiMfazwe yaseCrimea, ibali lihamba ukuba bangcwaba imigqomo ukuze baphephe ukuyisusa. Abahlali belali abababhaqileyo babebizwa ngokuba 'ngabavukuzi bemigodi', kwaye eli gama liye lavela kwezinye iindawo ezininzi ukusukela ngoko.
E-Devon, kusekho iintsalela zemigodi ebezidla ngokuvelisa i-micaceous haematite, into ebonakala ngathi imenyezela ngentsalela emnyama ekhangeleka ngathi yi-treacle. Ngenxa yoko, igama elithi 'imigodi yemigodi' liye labanjwa nalapho, kwaye ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, abantwana basoloko bekhohliseka ekubeni bakholelwe ukuba ingcango ngokwenene inokombiwa isuswe emhlabeni.
IiFairies zaseCottingley
Ngo-1917, abazala u-Elsie Wright no-Frances Griffiths, abaneminyaka eyi-16 kunye ne-9, babehlala e-Cottingley, kufuphi ne-Bradford xa bathatha iifoto ezintlanu kwikhamera ye-Midg quarter-plate kayise ka-Elsie. Imifanekiso ibonakala ibonisa iifairies egadini. Nangona uyise ka-Elsie wayethandabuza, unina wayekholelwa ukuba babeyinyani kwaye bathatha imifanekiso kwintlanganiso ye-Theosophical Society yendawo,
Apha, beza kwingqalelo yelinye lamalungu aphambili, u-Edward Gardner, owabathumela kwingcali yokufota uHarold Snelling. U-Snelling ugqibe kwelokuba akukho bungqina bobuqhophololo, kwaye akaboni mkhondo womsebenzi westudiyo ngamakhadi okanye iimodeli zephepha. Nkqu nenkampani yeefoto i-Kodak ihlolisise imifanekiso kwaye ayizange ifumane iimpawu ezibonisa ukuba imifanekiso yenziwe.
Kwiminyaka emininzi, iifoto bezikholelwa ngokubanzi ukuba zibubungqina bokwenyani bokuba iifairies zikho ngokwenene. Ekugqibeleni, ngeminyaka yee-1980, uElsie noFrances bavuma ukuba baye bakhohlisa imifanekiso besebenzisa amakhadibhodi emifanekiso yasentsomini ababeyikhuphele encwadini. Nangona kunjalo, bobabini aba bafazi bagcina ukuba babone iifairies kwaye nangona imifanekiso emine yokuqala yayingeyonyani, ifoto yesihlanu neyokugqibela yayiyinyani.
Udonga olukhulu lwaseTshayina Hoax
NgoJuni 25, 1899, ibali lephephandaba elikhohlisayo lapapashwa ngabacholacholi abane eDenver, eColorado, besithi amashishini amaninzi aseMerika abeke iibhidi kwikhontrakthi yokudiliza i-Great Wall yaseChina kunye nokwakha indlela endaweni yayo. Njengoko oku kwakunjalo ngexesha lama impiriyali ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, eli bali lalingabonakali lingaphaya kwento enokwenzeka kwaye bambalwa abantu ababecinga ukuyibuza; IBritani yayisanda kwandisa ikholoni yaseHong Kong kwaye yathumela iinqanawa kwiGulf of Chihli, inyanzelisa amaTshayina ukuba aqeshe i-Weihaiwei, kwaye iJamani kunye neFransi nazo zathatha okanye zaqesha amachweba aseChina.
Ibali liye laqulunqwa njengento eyonwabisayo njengoko kwakungekho ezinye iindaba ezinkulu ngaloo veki, kodwa ngelixa amaphepha aseDenver ewalahla emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa, ingcamango ayizange ivume ukufa. Kungekudala emva koko, elinye iphephandaba laseMelika lachola eli bali laza laquka iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ezazingakhankanywanga nakwingxelo yenkohliso, kuquka 'izicatshulwa' zegosa likarhulumente waseTshayina elithetha ngokutshatyalaliswa kodonga oluzayo. Eli bali ngokuthe ngcembe lanwenwela kwamanye amaphephandaba kulo lonke elaseMerika naseYurophu. Akuzange kube yiminyaka eyi-10 kamva enye yeentatheli ezikhohlisayo yavuma inyaniso.
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