Amakhiwane sesinye sezona ziqhamo zidala ezityiwa ngabantu, kwaye anembali ebangel’ umdla. Phambi kokuba iswekile isasazeke, ibiyinto yokuya kwizidlo ezineswiti. KwiMeditera, amaGrike namaRoma ayesitya esi siqhamo siswiti, yaye saqhubeka sithandwa kwiMeditera ukutyhubela amaxesha amandulo.
Imithi yomkhiwane ibonakala kuyo yonke iBhayibhile, kwaye iintsalela ziye zafunyanwa kwiindawo ze-Neolithic ezisukela kwi-5,000 BC. Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo 1500s, amakhiwane aziswa eMelika ngabafundisi baseFrancisca, yindlela uhlobo lweMission fig oludumileyo lwafumana ngayo igama.
Ukutyala amakhiwane akho
Amakhiwane angakhuliswa ngempumelelo zombini ngaphandle nangaphakathi, njengesityalo sendlu. Baphumelela kakhulu kwiindawo ezishushu, kwiindawo ezilukhuni zase-US 8 ukuya kwi-10, ezibandakanya unxweme olusempuma-mpuma, iPacific Northwest, iTexas, iHawaii, iCalifornia, kunye nommandla osemazantsi-ntshona wentlango.
Iindidi eziqinileyo ziqhuba kakuhle kwimozulu ebanda kancinci, kuqukwa nezowuni 6 kunye ne-7. Nokuba umkhiwane ulinywa phi na, umhlaba kufuneka ube neasidi kancinane, ube ne pH ephakathi kwe 5.5 ukuya ku 6.5.
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Iimfuno zesithuba samakhiwane
Umkhiwane okhulileyo unokufikelela kubude obuyi-15 ukuya kwi-30 ubude, ngoko gcina loo nto engqondweni. Ukuba ukhulisa izityalo ezininzi ngaphandle, kufuneka zihlulwe ubuncinci beenyawo ezingama-20 ukusuka kweminye imithi. Iingcambu zinokolulela nzulu emhlabeni, ngamanye amaxesha ziye kuthi ga kwi-20 yeenyawo, ngoko ke oku kufuneka kujongwe kwindawo otyala kuyo imbewu yakho.
Iimfuno zokukhanya kwelanga
Ixesha elide, ihlobo elishushu ngumhlobo osenyongweni womkhiwane, ngoko khetha indawo yokutyala enokukhanya kwelanga okuthe ngqo. Imithi ifuna ilanga elininzi kangangoko ukuze ivelise izityalo ezikhulu zeziqhamo, ngoko ke jolise ekubeni ube sesichengeni ubuncinane iiyure ezisibhozo ngosuku ngalunye.
Ukuba utyala ngaphakathi kwindlu, beka izityalo ezimbalwa ukusuka kwifestile enkulu, ngokufanelekileyo enye enomthunzi ukusuka emgangathweni ukuya eluphahleni okanye ngaphezulu. Ngale ndlela, unokubakhusela ekukhanyeni kwelanga; eyona mitha inamandla entliziyweni yehlobo inako ukutshisa amagqabi. Qaphela ukuba izityalo zijonga kweliphi icala, ngokunjalo, ukuze zithole awona manqanaba okukhanya kwelanga imini yonke.
Iimfuno zokunkcenkceshela
Xa imikhiwane iselula, yinkcenkceshele rhoqo ukuze ikhule ngamandla. Ukuba uhlala kwimozulu eyomileyo, jonga ukunkcenkceshela nzulu ubuncinane ngeveki. Izityalo kufuneka zihlale zifumile ngaphandle kokuba zimanziswe, ngoko kuphephe ukunkcenkceshela ngokugqithisileyo.
Nje ukuba izityalo zimiselwe, azifuni kunkcenkceshelwa kakhulu. Zitshize ngokucothayo nangokunzulu rhoqo emva kweentsuku ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-14, uyeke zome phakathi kokunkcenkceshela.
Izinambuzane ezinokwenzakalisa amakhiwane
Iithrips zizinambuzane ezifunxayo ezinokutshabalalisa isityalo sakho ngokukhawuleza. Zijolise emagqabini, zishiya ngasemva amachokoza esilivere, imigca, namabala amhlophe. Ukutshiza i-oyile eleleyo okanye ukusebenzisa imigibe encangathi emthubi okanye eluhlaza kungasusa ezi zitshabalalisi kakuhle.
I-Root-knot nematodes ziintshulube eziyimikroskopu ezijolise ezingcanjini, kwaye umonakalo unokusasazeka kuyo yonke inkqubo kwaye ubulale isityalo sonke. Ukuba ubona i-root galls, izilonda, amaqhina, okanye i-branching egqithisileyo, thatha inyathelo ngokukhawuleza.
Izichumisi ezinenitrogen eninzi zenza umsebenzi oncomekayo wokubulala izitshabalalisi. Ukuthintela, gcina umhlaba utyebile ngamanqanaba aphezulu ezinto eziphilayo, kuquka umgquba, ingca kunye nomgquba.
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Izifo ezinokwenzeka
I-twig dieback ibangelwa ngumngundo, kwaye ibulala ngokuthe ngcembe amasebe, amasebe kunye neengcambu. Uninzi lwezizathu zayo ziyathinteleka, nangona kunjalo. Kuphephe ukugxumeka iingcambu, ukunkcenkceshela, ukunkcenkceshela ngaphantsi, okanye ukutyala kwindawo ebanda kakhulu. Ukuba i-dieback iba yingxaki, cima nawaphi na amasebe afileyo okanye afayo kwaye ubulale iintsholongwane kwisixhobo sokuthena.
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Izondlo ezikhethekileyo
Amakhiwane achuma ngesondlo esifanelekileyo, ngoko ke ukuba imithi yakho ikhula ngaphantsi kweenyawo enye ngexesha lokukhula, qaphela. I-nitrogen ikhulisa ukukhula, kwaye konke okudingayo sisi-½ seponti enye ye-nitrogen yokongeza kwisityalo ngasinye. Yahlule phakathi kokutya okumbalwa phakathi kobusika ekupheleni kwasekupheleni kwehlobo.
Isigcina-kufuma sesinye esiluncedo; sebenzisa umaleko ojikeleze yonke imithi ukutshixa ukufuma kwaye uthintele ukhula ekusebenzeni umlingo wabo.
Ukusasaza amakhiwane akho
Amakhiwane anokusasazwa ngokubeka phantsi komhlaba kunye neengcambu. Kumaleko omhlaba, yombela inxalenye yelona sebe likhula kancinci malunga nee-intshi ezintandathu emhlabeni. Yiyeke iingcambu, emva koko uyisuse kumthi ongumzali wayo. Le yeyona ndlela ilula kwaye ixhaphake phakathi kwabalimi begadi basekhaya, ukuqinisekisa izityalo ezitsha ngexesha lonyaka.
Ingcambu isebenzisa ukusika. Ngexesha lexesha lokulala, thabatha amakhiwane anqunywe kumasebe amancinci. Kufuneka babe 8 ukuya kwi 12 intshi ubude kwaye malunga ½ ukuya ¾ intshi ubukhulu. Sika isiphelo kwi-slant kwaye ungeze ihomoni ye-rooting ukunceda ukukhula, emva koko uhambe malunga nokutyala njengesiqhelo.
Ukuvuna amakhiwane akho
Linda ade avuthwe amakhiwane; aziyi kuvuthwa emthini. Isiqhamo kufuneka sivakale sithambile, sinombala omnyama, otyebileyo. Zithathe ngokuthe ngqo emthini, kodwa nxiba iiglavu ukukhusela incindi ekucaphukisayo ulusu lwakho. Xa sele ethathiwe, amakhiwane wonakala kakhulu, ngoko uwagcine efrijini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, baya kugcina incasa yabo malunga neentsuku ezintathu.
Iinzuzo zamakhiwane
Amakhiwane anika ngaphezu kwencasa emnandi; zisisiqhamo esityebileyo ngezondlo ezigcwele i-calcium, i-potassium, kunye ne-fiber yokutya. I-calcium igcina amathambo akho omelele kwaye esempilweni, kodwa ikwanceda impilo yentliziyo. Izihlunu kunye nemithambo-luvo zikwaxhamla kwi-calcium, kwaye inokunceda ukuphelisa isifo seswekile kunye noxinzelelo lwegazi oluphezulu.
I-Potassium inceda imisipha yakho inkontileka kwaye ukubetha kwentliziyo yakho kuhlala rhoqo, ngokufanelekileyo ukuhambisa izondlo kwiiseli zakho. Ifiber yokutya igcina inkqubo yokwetyisa yomelele, inceda ukulawula ubunzima, kwaye inokuthintela ukuqhinwa. Ngezondlo ezininzi ezinempilo, amakhiwane enza ukongezwa okugqwesileyo kuyo nayiphi na igadi.