BAPHEFUMLA NJANI OOKREBE?

Ookrebe babamba isabelo sabo somdla womntu. La mathambo aphilayo aselwandle anoluhlu olumangalisayo lweempawu. Inkolelo yokuba ookrebe bayafa ukuba bayeka ukuqubha iphantse ibe lulwazi oluqhelekileyo, kodwa ayichananga ngokupheleleyo. Ookrebe abaselwandle abahambi rhoqo, ngoko ke baphefumla njani ookrebe?

Uxinzelelo lweoksijini emanzini luphantsi kakhulu kunoxinzelelo lwe-oxygen emoyeni. Izilwanyana ezinegill ziye zavelisa iindlela zobuchule kunye neendlela zokuziphatha zokufunxa ioksijini eninzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka kumanzi azingqongileyo. Ookrebe bavelise iindlela ezisebenzayo zokuphefumla ezilungele ngokugqibeleleyo indawo ebangqongileyo.

IiGill zeShark

Ookrebe, njengazo zonke iintlanzi, baphefumla ngeegill. Iigill zizitho zokuphefumla ezenza umsebenzi ofanayo nemiphunga kwizilwanyana zasemhlabeni. Iimbilini zikakrebe zineentsiba ezingamakhulukhulu ezinamawaka eentsiba ezinamawaka eentsiba kwifilament nganye. I-Lamellae iqulethe imithambo yegazi emincinci okanye i-capillaries. IiCapillaries zifunxa ioksijini emanzini zize zikhuphe ikharbon diokside. Imiphunga yomntu iqulethe iicapillaries ngenjongo efanayo. Ookrebe bafunxa i-80% ye-1% yoxinaniso lweoksijini emanzini. Imiphunga yomntu ifunxa i-25% encinci yoxinaniso lweoksijini emoyeni.

indlela yokukhupha i-Phillips screw ekhutshiweyo

Inkunzi yeVentilation

i-basking shark, i-cetorhinus maximus, isiqithi saseColl, eSkotlani

Ookrebe bane-arch ye-gill emi-5 ukuya kwe-7 ene-gill enye eqhekezayo kwi-arch nganye. Inkoliso yeentlanzi zine operculum, okanye isigqubuthelo phezu kwamehlo azo. Ookrebe abanayo i-operculum, kodwa bane-structural gill rakers perpendicular to the arches gill. Ookrebe baphefumla ngeenkunzi zeegusha. Ukungena komoya ngeenkunzi zegusha kwenzeka njengoko amanzi ehamba phezu kwemilenze kakrebe. Amanzi adlula emlonyeni nangaphezulu kweenyongo njengoko ukrebe equbha ukuya phambili. Ookrebe banomngxuma owongezelelweyo wegill, okanye i-spiracle, ngqo emva kwamehlo abo. I-spiracle iqondisa amanzi emlonyeni, kwaye i-gill rakers iqondisa amanzi phezu kwe-gill slits.

Ukujikeleza kookrebe

Ookrebe banentliziyo enamagumbi amabini. Igazi elineoksijini lihamba ukusuka kwiigill ukuya kwiatrium yentliziyo kakrebe. Intliziyo impompa igazi elineoksijini kwimithambo ukuze lifikelele kwizicubu kunye namalungu kuwo wonke umzimba. Igazi eline-deoxygenated lihamba ngemithambo ukuya kwi-ventricle yentliziyo. I-ventricle impompo igazi eline-deoxygenated kwi-gill capillaries. Intliziyo kakrebe ayomelele kakhulu - ukuhamba kwamanzi kunceda ukuhambisa igazi kwi-circulatory system kakrebe, ngoko ke intliziyo ayiboneleli ngawo onke amandla afunekayo ukugcina igazi lihamba.
ndingayivula njani ibhotile ngaphandle kwebhotile
Umgaqo weRamjet

Iyonke inkqubo yokuphefumla nokutyhutyha umoya kukrebe njengoko ukrebe edada ngokukhawuleza. Inkqubo ekhawulezileyo ngexesha lokubhukuda ngokukhawuleza ibizwa ngokuba ngumgaqo we-ramjet. Umgaqo we-ramjet unceda ookrebe ukuba baleqe amaxhoba ngaphandle kokudinwa. Igazi likakrebe lijikeleza kwi-counter-current flow ehlala ihambela kwelinye icala lamanzi, nto leyo enceda ukwandisa ukufunxwa kweoksijini elwandle.

Ukumpompa ngeBuccal

Ookrebe badla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngamathambo aphilayo ngenxa yokuba iindidi ezikhoyo zafunyanwa kude kudala kwingxelo yefosili. Ngaphandle komnombo omde weentlobo zokrebe zanamhlanje, iintlobo zakudala zazikho ngaphambi kwazo. Ookrebe abadala basebenzisa i-buccal pumping ukuphefumla xa bengahambi. I-Buccal pumping isebenzisa i-buccal, okanye isidlele, izihlunu ukutsala amanzi emlonyeni nangaphezulu kweegill. Iintlanzi ze-Bony kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-shark zanamhlanje, ezifana ne-nurse sharks, i-angel sharks, kunye ne-carpet sharks, zisasebenzisa ukuphefumla kwe-buccal.
Ezantsi-Ukutya ookrebe
Martin Voeller / Getty Imifanekiso
Ookrebe abaninzi abakwaziyo ukusebenzisa i-buccal pumping badla ngokutya okusezantsi. Zihlala ziphumla emgangathweni wolwandle kwaye zinomzimba othe tyaba we-dorsoventrally. Imizimba yazo ithe tyaba kwaye ibhityile ngasemqolo. I-Buccal breathing sharks ine-spiracles ebonakalayo emva kwamehlo. I-spiracles itsala amanzi kwaye iwatyhalele ngaphandle xa ukrebe engcwatywe esantini ephantsi kolwandle.
ponytail palm ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle
I-Buccal kunye ne-Ram Ventilation

Ookrebe abaninzi ngokuthe ngcembe baphulukana nezakhiwo eziyimfuneko zokumpompa i-buccal njengoko babevela. Imijikelo yookrebe abakhulu, abakhawulezayo bashwabana kwaye bathi shwaka njengoko babeguqukela ekubeni ngamarhamncwa athambileyo anamhlanje. Umoya wokuphefumla ngeenkunzi zegusha wonga amandla ngakumbi kunokuphefumla nge-buccal. Ukuqubha kwamanzi njengoko ukrebe edada kusebenzisa amandla amancinci kunokumpompa amanzi emlonyeni. Uninzi lweentlobo zookrebe bale mihla zinokutshintshana phakathi kokumpompa i-buccal kunye nokuphefumla ngeenkunzi zeegusha. I-sand tiger shark itshintsha-tshintsha phakathi kweendlela zokuphefumla rhoqo kuba izingela ixhoba phantsi kolwandle kwaye idada emanzini.

Ukunyanzeliswa kweeRam Ventilators
ifish / Getty Imifanekiso
Abanye ookrebe bazizinyanzeliso zokuphefumla iinkunzi zeegusha. Baphulukene ngokupheleleyo namandla okuphefumla ngokumpompa i-buccal. Malunga nama-24 kuma-400 eentlobo zookrebe ezaziwayo zizinyanzeliso zokuphefumla iinkunzi zeegusha. Aba krebe baqubha ngokuqhubekayo kwaye bayarhaxwa ukuba abakwazi ukudada. Abamhlophe abakhulu, i-mako, i-salmon sharks, kunye ne-whale shark baphefumla kuphela ngokuphefumla umoya weenkunzi zegusha. I-spiracles yabo ayibonakali, kwaye umhlophe omkhulu awusenayo i-spiracles.
Baphumla njani ookrebe?

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba ookrebe abaphefumla kuphela ngeenkunzi ezinyanzelekileyo zokungenisa umoya basebenzisa amanzi ukuze baphumle ngaphandle kokurhaxwa. Iqondo lobushushu, ubutyuwa, kunye nexesha lemini lichaphazela ioksijini yoxinzelelo lwamanzi olwandle. Oosonzululwazi bafumanisa ookrebe abangashukumiyo kwimiqolomba yeeSharks ezileleyo ngeminyaka yoo-1970. Ookrebe baphefumla ngokunyanzeliswa komoya ngeenkunzi zeegusha. Izazinzulu ziye zathi ukuxinana okuphezulu kweoksijini kumanzi omqolomba kwavumela ookrebe ukuba bahlale.
Ookrebe abaseMngciphekweni
UMFOTO OGQIBILEYO / Getty Images
Ookrebe banobuchule obumangalisayo bokuziqhelanisa. Iindlela zabo zokuphefumla zilungele ngokukodwa imikhwa yabo yokutya kunye nokusingqongileyo. I-apex predators zikholisa ukuba zizinyanzeliso zokuphefumla iinkunzi zegusha ngelixa i-body-feeders ziphuhlise kakuhle iindlela zempompo ze-buccal. Ookrebe, njengookrebe, baye basinda kwiziganeko ezibini zokubhanga kwimbali ende yomhlaba. Ngelishwa, amaxesha anamhlanje avavanya indlela ookrebe abahlangabezana ngayo nemida yabo. I-finning engekho mthethweni ishiya ookrebe ukuba barhaxwe ngokungenakuzinceda njengoko bengakwazi ukudada ngaphandle kwamaphiko. Iminatha yokuloba iphazamisa ukukwazi ukuqubha, ngokunjalo. Imibutho engekho mthethweni eneendawo zogcino-zilwanyana ezingalawulwayo okanye ii-aquariums kwihlabathi jikelele ibulele amawakawaka ookrebe ngokungazi kunye nokungakwazi ukusebenza ngexesha lokuhamba.