Yintoni i-Dunning-Kruger Effect?

Inkoliso yabantu iyazingca ngobuchule obuthile okanye ngolwazi abanalo ngeenkalo ezithile, kodwa bayakwazi nokuvuma apho ubuchule babo busilela khona. Isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger sibonakaliswa ngabantu abanyanzelisa ukuba babe nolwazi kunye nezakhono ngokucacileyo abanazo. Oku kwaziwa 'njengengqiqo bias yokuphakama kwenkohliso.'

Isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger sinokubonwa kwindlela abaziphatha ngayo abantu abathile abadumileyo, abezopolitiko, kunye nabantu abaziwayo kwimidiya yoluntu. Uphononongo olunike isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger igama laso lwenziwa ngo-1999 yingcali yengqondo kunye nomfundi ophumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell.

Ingcaciso

Iphepha elipapashwe nguDunning kunye noKruger linesihloko esithi 'Awunabuchule kwaye ungayazi: Njani Ubunzima boKuqaphela Ukungakwazi Kwakhe Ukungaphumeleli Kukhokelela Ekuzihloleni Okunyukileyo.' Nangona i-titele inomlomo kakhulu, ngokusisiseko ichaza ukuba abona bantu banolwazi oluncinci bazilinganisela njengabona banobuchule. Eyona ngcaciso ilula yeyokuba abantu abazicingela kakhulu ngobuchule babo abanalwazi kakhulu ukuba baqonde into abangayaziyo.

Iziphumo zoFundo

UDunning noKruger bavavanya abafundi beYunivesithi yaseCornell ngoburharha, ukubhala, igrama, kunye nokuqiqa. Barekhoda ingqikelelo yomfundi ngamnye yendlela aqhube ngayo baza bathelekisa iingqikelelo namanqaku okwenene kuvavanyo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, abafundi abaqhube kakubi kulo naliphi na icandelo kwaye bengenalwazi ngesi sifundo bakwazile ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo ukusebenza kwabo kakubi. Abafundi ababenolwazi oluthile lwesifundo, olwaneleyo ukugcina amanqaku abo kude ne-rock bottom, bacingela kakhulu ubuchule babo. Imbongi uAlexander Pope wabhala ulwazi oluncinane yinto eyingozi ngo-1709, kwaye oko kuseyinyaniso nanamhlanje.

Ubuchule kunye nokuZithandabuza

Abafundi abaqhube kakuhle kuvavanyo ngexesha lokufunda kukaDunning noKruger bakholisa ukuzicingela. Utyekelo lwabantu abanobuchule bokuthandabuza izakhono zabo lubonwa nakuqwalaselo olubanzi ngokunjalo. Ukuzithandabuza okuvezwa ngabantu abanesakhono sokwenyani kunye noqhankqalazo kunye nokuzingca kwabantu abangakwaziyo ukwenza umsebenzi kuyinxalenye yesiphumo sikaDunning noKruger. Abo bathandabuzayo izakhono zabo bavuleleke ekufundeni nasekuphuculeni, ngelixa abantu abaqinisekileyo ukuba sele beyazi yonke into abavulelekanga ekufundeni nantoni na.

Iziphumo zakwangoko

UDavid Dunning, isazi ngengqondo saseCornell, wathandabuza ukuba isifundo sakhe kunye nezigqibo ziya kuze zipapashwe. Wayecinga ukuba iziphumo zazikude kakhulu kuphando lwanaphakade kunye nokuzithemba kokukhulisa ukuzithemba kunye nobuchule bengqondo yanamhlanje. UDunning wayephazama kakhulu kuqikelelo lwakhe, kwaye iphepha awalipapashayo noJohn Kruger laba lelokudidiyela ngoko nangoko. Isatsala abafundi abatsha kunye nomdla phantse kwiminyaka engama-20 kamva.

Dunning-Kruger kubomi bemihla ngemihla

I-Dunning-Kruger Effect ayiphelelanga kwizifundiswa kuphela. UDunning ngoku ukholelwa ukuba incwadi yakhe ithandwa kakhulu kuba ichaza into abantu abayiqaphelayo kubomi bemihla ngemihla kodwa bebengayazi ngaphambili ukuba bayichaza njani. Umzekelo wobomi bokwenyani wesiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger kwisenzo ubonakaliswa xa umfaki-sicelo othembekileyo, ozimelayo eqeshwa, kodwa umenzi-sicelo akakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi efunekayo. Abasebenzi abakwinqanaba elisezantsi kuluhlu olubanzi lwemibutho baye bafumana ukubhideka komphathi omtsha obonakala engenalwazi. Bayazibuza ukuba zenzeka njani iimpazamo ezinjalo, kwaye uDunning-Kruger unika ingcaciso.

Dunning-Kruger Effect kwiMedia

Amajelo eendaba ngamanye amaxesha akhuthaza isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger kumlinganiselo omkhulu. Abantu abadumileyo banokuthabatha indawo yokuthetha ngemibandela ebalulekileyo nemiba, kwanokuba abanamfundo okanye abaziqondi kakuhle ezo zifundo. Izazinzulu zifezekise impumelelo ephantsi ngokuvunywa okuncinci kakhulu kumajelo eendaba aqhelekileyo. Isiphumo siyancitshiswa kupapasho oluncinci, olukhethekileyo olufana ne-Science Daily okanye iimagazini ezigxile kuphando kunye nezinto ezifunyenweyo zesayensi.

Imidiya yokuncokola

Imidiya yoluntu yindlela ebanzi necacileyo yokubonakalisa isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger. Iinkwenkwezi kumajelo eendaba ezentlalo zinokuba ziingcali kwimiba abayilwelayo, kodwa ubungcali ngokuqinisekileyo abuyomfuneko. Umntu wemidiya yoluntu unokufumana iimbono kunye nabalandeli ngomsindo ococekileyo kwimiba ethile. Amacandelo amagqabantshintshi othungelwano lweendaba ezinkulu kunye neeforam zengxoxo kwiwebhu iphela zibonisa isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger ngokunjalo. Iipowusta ezikhwaza kakhulu nezisebenzayo azinalwazi lwaneleyo.

Black Friday philip hue

I-Metacognition

I-Metacognition ichazwa njengokuqonda malunga nokuqonda, ukucinga ngokucinga, kunye nokwazi ngokwazi. Izithandi zobulumko zithatha i-metacognition yeyona ndlela iphakamileyo yokucinga. Bakuchaza njengokukwazi 'ukuphaphama ngokwako.' Abantu abanamanqanaba aphezulu e-metacognition bayazazi iinkqubo zabo zokucinga. Banokuhlalutya ezabo iingcamango, ubuchule nolwazi. Olu hlahlelo lukhokelela ekufundeni, ekuhlengahlengiseni nasekuguquleni izimvo njengoko kuzuzwa ulwazi olutsha. Abantu abanamanqanaba aphantsi e-metacognition abakwazi ukuhlalutya iinkqubo zabo zokucinga, ngoko abanakubona iimpazamo kwiingcamango zabo okanye baqaphele ukunqongophala kolwazi.

Impembelelo yeDunning-Kruger Effect

Isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger sigxekwe njengobukrelekrele bokurhoxa kunye nendlela yokuba abantu 'abakrelekrele' bazive bebhetele. Oku kuthambekela kokuqonda akufuneki kugatywe lula. Isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger sinokuba nefuthe elibi ebantwini, kwimibutho, nakuluntu luphela. Ukuzigwagwisa, ukuzithemba ngokugqithiseleyo, kwanotyekelo lokungcungcuthekisa abanye, maxa wambi luvumela abantu abangakwaziyo ukwenza umsebenzi wabo bafikelele kwizikhundla eziphezulu. Abo banetalente yokwenyani bahlala belahleka kushicilelo kwaye banganakwa. Utyekelo lokuthandabuza oluhlala lubonakala kubantu abakrelekrele, abanobuchule ngamanye amaxesha luyabathintela ekuthetheni okanye bazame ukwenza utshintsho. I-Charisma, ukuzithemba, kunye nokuqhayisa zihlala ziboyisa ubuchule kunye nobuchule bokwenyani. Isiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger siyasebenza nakwizaphuli-mthetho. Uphononongo lwangaphambili luphefumlelwe ngumphangi webhanki owagubungela ubuso bakhe ngejusi yelamuni ukuba angabonakali. Ijusi yelamuni sisithako esisebenzayo kwi-inki engabonakaliyo.

Ego

UDunning noKruger bathethe ngendima ye-ego kwizigqibo zabo zophononongo. Uninzi lweengcali zengqondo kunye neefilosofi ziye zahlola indima ye-ego kwisiphumo sikaDunning-Kruger ngokunjalo. Abantu baba nomdla kwizifundo nakwizakhono ezithile njengoko bekhula kwaye bekhula. Ukufumana ubungcali yinkqubo yokwakha phezu kwezakhono nolwazi olukhoyo. Ukuzicingela ngokugqithiseleyo kuphazamisa ukukhula komntu kwaye kuthintela ukufunda. Abantu ababambelele kwinkolelo yokuba sele 'bazi yonk' into' bavala amandla abo okufunda. Bakukhaba ngawo omane ukugxeka okanye ingxelo eyakhayo njengokungazi kwabanye endaweni yokuhlolisisa ezabo iingcamango. UShakespeare wabonisa ukuqonda kwimiphumo yokuzicingela ngokugqithiseleyo xa wabhala Isidenge sicinga ukuba sisilumko, kodwa umntu osisilumko uyazi ukuba usisidenge.