Yintoni uMthetho Wezomkhosi?

Yintoni uMthetho Wezomkhosi?

Yeyiphi Imovie Ukubona?
 
Yintoni uMthetho Wezomkhosi?

Umthetho wasemkhosini lulawulo lomkhosi lukarhulumente onqumamisa amagunya oluntu ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Ngokutsho kweengcali zomthetho, injongo yangaphambili yayikukuba umthetho wezomkhosi ube sisisombululo esinqabileyo, sexeshana kwiimeko ezinzima ezifana nokuhlaselwa, iintlekele ezixhaphakileyo, okanye iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zelizwe okanye zengingqi. Oorhulumente basenokusebenzisa umthetho womkhosi ukuba abasemagunyeni babonakala bengakwazi okanye bengakulungelanga ukunyanzelisa umthetho, kuquka loo mithetho ikhusela amalungelo oluntu. Amanye amazwe angaphandle aye asebenzisa umthetho womkhosi njengendlela yokumisela ulawulo lobuzwilakhe yinkokeli yomkhosi okanye abezobupolitika abaxhaswa ngumkhosi.





Iintlobo zoMthetho wokulwa

amagunya omthetho womkhosi alexey_ds / Getty Imifanekiso

Kukho iindidi ezimbini zomthetho karati. Umthetho womkhosi ofanelekileyo kuxa umkhosi uncedisa ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yoluntu ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu. Oku kwenzeka ngokubanzi xa urhulumente kunye nabasemagunyeni basekhaya bengakwazi ukulawula ukuphazamiseka okanye ukusingatha imiba eyenzeka emva kwentlekele yendalo okanye eyenziwe ngabantu. Nangona kunjalo, ezi ziganeko ziquka uqhanqalazo olukhulu, udushe, uloyiko lokuphangwa, okanye ugwayimbo. Umthetho womkhosi opheleleyo uthetha ukuba umkhosi uthathe ulawulo olupheleleyo kuko konke ukuthotyelwa komthetho.



Ngubani onokubhengeza uMthetho wokulwa

umongameli weCongress indlu emhlophe P_Wei / Getty Imifanekiso

E-US, umthetho we-karate unokubhengezwa yiCongress okanye umongameli, ngokuchazwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Akukho zimbekiselo ezithe ngqo malunga nomthetho wemfazwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Nangona kunjalo, inika amandla kwiCongress ukusebenzisa imikhosi yesizwe ukwenza imithetho yayo, kunye nokucinezela uvukelo kunye nokugxotha uhlaselo. UMgaqo-siseko ukwachaza uMongameli njengeNkumanda yoMkhosi woMkhosi kunye namajoni aseManzini kunye namajoni karhulumente xa ebizwa ukuba asebenzele ilizwe. Iirhuluneli zisenokuthi kwakhona zibhengeze umthetho wezomkhosi kwilizwe lawo phantsi kwamagunya anikwe yimigaqo-siseko yawo yamazwe. Kumazwe angaphandle, ngokwembali oorhulumente bebesebenzisa umthetho wezomkhosi ukulawula uqhanqalazo lwenyambalala yabantu okanye bacinezele inkcaso yezopolitiko.



Iimpawu zoMthetho wokulwa

inkululeko yemipu yomkhosi Bumblee_Dee / Getty Imifanekiso

Umkhosi womkhosi ubonakalisa umthetho wasemkhosini. Umlinganiselo waloo mandla uyahluka, ngokomyalelo othile obhengeza umthetho wemfazwe. Abameli abanyuliweyo abasekho kulawulo. Inkululeko yoluntu, efana nokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, inkululeko yokuhamba, kunye nokukhuselwa kukhangelo olungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuthinjwa kunokunqunyanyiswa. Abasemagunyeni bamisela amaxesha okufika ekhaya aneziphumo kwabo bawaphulayo. Basenokuthatha imipu nezinye izinto. Inkqubo yobulungisa yasemkhosini inokungena endaweni yenkqubo yobulungisa yesizwe, kubandakanywa ukusekwa kweenkundla zomkhosi. Phantsi komthetho wezomkhosi, abasemagunyeni banokuvalela abantu ngaphandle kwetyala okanye uncedo.

IHabeas Corpus kunye noMthetho wokulwa

habeas corpus ubulungisa csreed / Getty Imifanekiso

Phantsi koMgaqo-siseko waseU.S., urhulumente uthembisa abemi bokhuseleko ezintolongweni ngaphandle kokubonisa isizathu. Abaseki besizwe bakholelwa ukuba i-habeas corpus ibalulekile ekugcineni idemokhrasi kwaye ibandakanya okubhaliweyo kwinqaku lokuqala loMgaqo-siseko. Nangona kunjalo, phantsi komthetho wezomkhosi, uMgaqo-siseko ukwabonelela ngokukwazi ukunqumamisa i-habeas corpus kwiimeko zovukelo okanye uhlaselo oluchaphazela ukhuseleko loluntu. Ngo-2006, iCongress yapasisa uMthetho weeKomishoni zoMkhosi, owarhoxisa ilungelo le-habeas corpus kubantu basemzini urhulumente obhalwe njengabalweli beentshaba, nangona kunjalo, ubhekiselele kubemi base-US. Emva koko bawuhlomela lo mthetho ngo-2009 ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwabamangalelwa. INdlu yeeNgwevu yase-US yala ukudlula kwisilungiso ngo-2011 esiya kuthintela umkhosi wase-US ukuba ubambe abemi baseMelika kunye nabanye abantu ngaphandle kokubahlawulisa ngesenzo esingekho mthethweni.



Isibhengezo sokuqala soMthetho wokulwa waseU.S

Andrew Jackson eNew Orleans AlexanderZam / Getty Imifanekiso

Uninzi lwababhali-mbali bacebisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kokuqala komthetho wasemkhosini e-US kwakungo-1814 nguGeneral Andrew Jackson njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sokhuselo sokukhusela iNew Orleans kuhlaselo lwaseBritane. Ufike esixekweni efumene ummi enxunguphele, uninzi lwabahlali bancama ukujikela isixeko kubahlaseli. UJackson ubhengeze umthetho we-karate ukuze alawule iNew Orleans. Emva kokunqoba kwakhe iBritane ngexesha leMfazwe yaseNew Orleans, uJackson wagcina umthetho wezempi kwindawo yeenyanga. Esi yaba sisigqibo esingenabulumko kuJackson kwezopolitiko, abemi bejonga imiyalelo yakhe njengesandla esinzima kunye nokujongelwa phantsi kwenkululeko yoluntu.

Umthetho wokulwa kunye neMfazwe yombango

imfazwe yamakhaya uLincoln wynnter / Getty Imifanekiso

Ngomnyaka we-1861, iCongress yaqinisekisa amanyathelo omthetho we-karate abekwe nguMongameli Abraham Lincoln. Oku kwanika imikhosi yomkhosi woManyano lwegunya igunya lingapheleli nje ekubambeni abantu kodwa nelokuqhuba amatyala abo. ISithili sase-Columbia sabhengeza umthetho we-karate ngo-1863 ngexesha leMfazwe yamakhaya, kodwa abemi bawujonga njengokhuseleko lomkhosi kunokuba yingozi kumalungelo abo oluntu. Umthetho we-Martial walawula uMzantsi njengoko imikhosi yeManyano yahlula imikhosi ye-Confederate kwaye yathatha ukulawula izixeko zabo. Umthetho we-Martial waqhubeka kulo lonke ixesha loKwakha kwakhona ukusuka kwi-1865 ukuya kwi-1877.

Izibhengezo zoMthetho wokulwa

ugwayimbo kwintsimi yeoli ilbusca / Getty Imifanekiso

Nangona uMongameli uRutherford B. Hayes wasondela kakhulu ekubhengezeni umthetho wasemkhosini ngenxa yogwayimbo lukaloliwe ngowe-1887, akakho omnye umongameli oye wakwenza oko egameni likarhulumente welizwe. Umthetho wezomkhosi onyiniweyo wenzeka ngemvume kaMongameli ngamagosa akwibala, ikakhulu ukulawula iingxabano zabasebenzi. UNjengele Leonard Wood wabhengeza umthetho womkhosi e-Omaha, eNebraska ngo-Okthobha we-1919 ngenxa yodushe lobuhlanga. Kwiintsuku ezintlanu emva koko, uWood waphinda wabeka uGary, eIndiana phantsi komthetho wokulwa ngenxa yogwayimbo lwentsimbi. ETexas ngo-1931, iRhuluneli uRoss Sterling wasebenzisa umthetho wezomkhosi ukunyanzela ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yearhente karhulumente kwimpuma yeTexas amasimi e-oyile malunga nemida kwimveliso yeoli. INkundla Ephakamileyo yakuphelisa uSterling umthetho wasemkhosini ngowe-1932.



Umthetho wokulwa ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II

internment Pearl Harbour Hawaii jriedy / Getty Imifanekiso

Irhuluneli yommandla waseHawaii yabhengeza umthetho womkhosi emva kokuqhushumba kwebhombu kwiZibuko iPearl ngoDisemba 7, 1941. Irhuluneli yommandla wanqumamisa ukubhalwa kwe-habeas corpus yaye injengele yomkhosi waseHawaii yathabatha indima yerhuluneli yomkhosi. Injengele yathatha ulawulo lwenkqubo yobulungisa kummandla waseHawaii eqhuba iinkundla zomkhosi zamatyala oluntu. Kamva iNkundla Ephakamileyo yagqiba kwelokuba ezi nkundla zomkhosi azinagunya kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho. NgoFebruwari 1942, uNjengele John DeWitt waqhuba umthetho wemfazwe kuNxweme lwePasifiki, eCalifornia, eOregon, eWashington, nakumazantsi eArizona. Ekupheleni kukaFebruwari, wayalela bonke abahlali bomnombo waseJapan kunye namaJapan asemzini, amaJamani kunye namaTaliyane ukuba bahlale ngaphakathi kumakhaya abo phakathi kwentsimbi yesi-8 ebusuku. kunye nentsimbi yesi-6 ekuseni INkundla ePhakamileyo yasixhasa isixa esibekiweyo sokubuya ekhaya kwaye yathethelela ukuvalelwa kwabemi baseJapan abangaphezu kwe-100,000 ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II.

I-Martial Law Ngaphandle kwe-U.S.

amalungelo oluntu uhambo philippines Bumblee_Dee / Getty Imifanekiso

Umthetho wokulwa uquka umboniso wamandla omkhosi phezu kwabemi, ukunqunyanyiswa kwamalungelo oluntu, uhambo oluthintelweyo, kunye neenkundla zomkhosi ezithatha ilizwe okanye inkqubo yobulungisa yengingqi. ITaiwan yasebenzisa umthetho womkhosi kangangeminyaka engama-38 de yasuswa ngowe-1987. ISiriya yayiphantsi kolawulo lomkhosi phantse iminyaka engama-50. I-Egypt yagcina umthetho wezomkhosi iminyaka engama-46, ngenxa yoxinzelelo lobunqolobi. UFerdinand Marcos, umongameli weshumi wakwiiPhilippines, waligcina eli lizwe phantsi komthetho wasemkhosini kangangeminyaka elithoba. IPakistan, iThailand, kunye neTshayina zonke ziye zaseka umthetho wokulwa ngaxa lithile kwiimbali zazo. Kwakhona abantu baseKhanada baye bajamelana nomthetho womkhosi ubuncinane izihlandlo ezithathu: ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II, nasebudeni beNgxaki kaOktobha yowe-1970.

Umthetho we-Martial vs. State of Emergency

intlekele yenkanyamba kaxakeka LOVE_LIFE / Getty Imifanekiso

Ukugcina ukhuseleko loluntu xa umthetho kunye nocwangco luwohloka, umthetho womkhosi lukhetho lukaMongameli kunye neCongress ukubuyisela ucwangco. Noko ke, xa kukho intlekele yemvelo enjengenkanyamba okanye inyikima okanye ukuzama ukulawula amaqela aphikisayo okanye aphikisayo, oorhulumente badla ngokubhengeza imeko yonxunguphalo. Isibhengezo semeko yonxunguphalo sivumela urhulumente ukuba andise amagunya akhe kwaye anciphise amalungelo athile abemi ngaphandle kokunikezela igunya kumkhosi wakhe.