Yayiyintoni iKhompyutha yokuqala?

Kukho ingxoxo eninzi malunga nokuba yeyiphi ikhompyuter yokuqala eyakha yenziwa. Ikhompyuter ngumatshini okwaziyo ukwamkela igalelo ledatha, ukusetyenzwa kwayo, kunye nemveliso ecutshungulweyo yedatha. Ukunikezelwa kwenkcazo ebanzi, kukho inkitha yoomatshini abahambelana nenkcazo. Indlela esifumanisa ngayo ukuba yeyiphi na ikhompyutha eyaqanjwa kuqala, ngoko, ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwekhompyutha esibhekisela kuyo.

isiphelo sokulahleka

Isishwankathelo seentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeKhompyutha

Iikhomputha zohlulwe zibe ziindidi ezintathu ngokubanzi, ngokusekelwe kumsebenzi wazo kunye nobukhulu bazo. Iindidi zemisebenzi zibandakanya i-analog (ulwazi olumelwe ngobuninzi bomzimba obuguquguqukayo ngokuqhubekayo), idijithali (ulwazi olusekelwe kuthotho lwamanani u-zero kunye nolunye, kunye ne-hybrid (intlanganisela yolwazi olufana nolwedijithali) Iindidi zobukhulu ziquka ii-smartphones, ii-microcomputers, iindawo zokusebenza, ezomntu. iikhompyutha, ii-laptops, ii-minicomputers, ii-supercomputers kunye nee-tablet.

Amagqabantshintshi amafutshane ngeMbali yeeKhompyutha

Iikhompyuter ze-analog, ezinje nge-abacus kunye ne-tally mark, bezikho ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo. Ezo kunye nezinye iikhomputha ezifanayo kwimbali yonke, njengomgaqo wesilayidi kunye ne-nomogram, ngokuqinisekileyo ziqhubekisela phambili ingqiqo eyenza isiseko semodeli yangoku yekhompyutheni kwaye, ngoko, kufuneka ikhankanywe kuyo nayiphi na ingxoxo yembali yeekhompyutha. Ngeenjongo zethu apha, nangona kunjalo, siza kujonga kuphela kwimbali yeekhompyuter ukusukela oko kwaphuhliswa ikhompyuter yokuqala, ngenkulungwane ye-19.

IKhompyutha yeMechanical yokuqala

Ikhompyutha yokuqala yoomatshini yaphuhliswa ngo-1822, nguCharles Babbage. Igama layo yayiyi-Difference Engine, kwaye yenza uthotho lwezibalo ngoomatshini ukusombulula ingxaki entsonkothileyo. Ukongeza, yayinendawo yokugcina idatha okwethutyana ukuze isetyenziswe kamva. Ngelishwa, i-Babbage ayizange igqibe ukuveliswa kwayo, kodwa yaba ngumbono apho iikhomputha zanamhlanje zazisekelwe khona. Kwakhona yaba sisiseko sakhe Machine Analytical ngo 1837, ikhompyutha yokuqala jikelele-njongo.

IKhompyutha yokuqala eCwangcisiweyo

Umatshini wokuHlalutya kaCharles Babbage kunye neekhompyuter ze-analog ezaza emva koko zazingumgangatho wetekhnoloji yekhompyuter kude kube sekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 xa i-Z1 yaziswa. Yaqanjwa nguKonrad Zuse ngo-1938, yayiyeyokuqala i-electro-mechanical binary programmable computer. Inkqubo yokubini yinkqubo yamanani eyenziwe ngamanani amabini kuphela, i-zero kunye nelinye, emele idatha njengokuba ivuliwe okanye ivaliwe. Le nkqubo isisiseko sayo yonke ikhowudi yokubini kwaye yiyiphi iprosesa zekhompyutheni ezisebenzisayo ukubhala idatha yedijithali esiyibona yonke imihla.

IKhompyutha yokuQala yoMbane eneNkqubo

IColossus yaba yikhompyuter yokuqala ecwangcisiweyo esebenzisa umbane ukusebenza. Yaziswa nguTommy Flowers ngo-1943 kwaye ekuqaleni yayiyilelwe ukwaphula iikhowudi zamaNazi ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Yayisebenzisa iivalvu ze-elektroniki ezingaphezu kwama-2,000, eyayilinani elikhulu kakhulu elalisetyenziswa ngelo xesha, kulapho kwavela khona igama layo.

IKhompyutha yokuqala yeDijithali

Ikhompyutha yokuqala yedijithali yayiyi-ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). Yagqitywa ngo-1942 nguJohn Vincent Atanasoff kunye noCliff Berry, i-ABC yayingacwangciswanga, kodwa iye yasebenzisa izibalo zokubini kunye nengqiqo ye-Boolean, echaza idatha njengenyani okanye bubuxoki. U-Konrad Zuse naye wasebenzisa le ngqiqo ye-Boolean ukwenza i-Z2, inguqu ephuculweyo ye-Z1, kwaye emva koko i-Z3, i-electromechanical yokuqala esebenzayo, ecwangcisiweyo, ezenzekelayo ngokupheleleyo, ikhompyutha yedijithali.

IKhompyutha yeNkqubo yokuQala egciniweyo

Usana lwaseManchester lubalwa njengekhompyuter yenkqubo yokuqala egciniweyo. Yaphuhliswa ngo-1948 kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester, yenzelwe ukuvavanya isixhobo sokuqala sokufikelela kwidijithali. Uyilo olusebenzisekayo ngakumbi, iManchester Mark 1, yaphuhliswa kamva kwangaloo nyaka, kodwa zombini zagutyungelwa ngokukhawuleza ziikhompyuter zenkqubo egciniweyo yombane, eyaphuma kunyaka olandelayo.

igama lesihawai kwintombazana

IKhompyutha yokuQala eVeliswe kuRhwebo

Umntwana waseManchester kunye no-Manchester Mark 1 bobabini bavelisa ikhompyutha yokuqala eveliswa ngokurhweba, i-Ferranti Mark 1. Nangona abanye banika lo mahluko kwi-Z4 eyenzelwe ngu-Konrad Zuse, okanye i-UNIVAC eyenzelwe yiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania, kuxoxwa ukuba. i-Z4 ayizange yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwezorhwebo kunye ne-UNIVAC yeza emva kweFerranti Mark 1 kodwa yafumana ingqalelo yoluntu ngokubanzi.

Hulton Archive / Getty Imifanekiso

Ikhompyuter yeTransistor yokuqala

Ikhompyuter yokuqala ye-transistor yayiyiKhompyutha yeTransistor ka-1953 kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester. Ukususela ekuqalisweni kweColossus, iikhomputha zazisebenzisa iityhubhu zokucoca ukuhambisa ulwazi, kodwa zazifuna inani elikhulu leetyhubhu ukuze zisebenze kwaye zidle amandla amaninzi. Ngokufika kweKhompyutha yeTransistor, iityhubhu zevacuum zathatyathelwa indawo ngama-transistors asebenzayo asebenzisa amandla amancinci. Kwakusekho inani elincinci leetyhubhu ze-vacuum ezikhoyo kwiKhompyutha yeTransistor, nangona kunjalo, ngoko ke, umahluko wokuqala wekhompyutheni owenziwe ngokupheleleyo uya kwi-Harwell CADET, eyaziswa ngo-1955.

Uninzi lwezinye iikhompyuter zokuqala

Kukho inkitha yezinye iziqalo kwimbali yekhompyuter, njengendawo yokuqala yokusebenza, idesktop yokuqala, ilaptop yokuqala, njl. njl. Ziya kujongeka njani iikhompyuter zangomso? Baza kukwazi ukwenza ntoni? Ukujonga kwimbali emfutshane yeekhompyuter ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kunye nendlela ukuqhubela phambili okukhawulezileyo, kwaye kwenziwa, umntu kufuneka acinge ukuba iikhompyuter zokuqala ezizayo ziya kuba zingenasiphelo njengengcinga.