Wayengubani uLeonardo Da Vinci?

ULeonardo da Vinci wayehlala ngexesha le-Italian Renaissance, kwaye udla ngokubizwa ngokuba 'yindoda yeRenaissance.' Wayeyinzululwazi ekrelekrele, injineli, umzobi kunye nomyili wezakhiwo. Imisebenzi edumileyo kaLeonardo da Vinci yi 'Mona Lisa' kunye 'neSidlo sokugqibela.' ULeonardo da Vinci wazalwa ngoAprili 15, 1452, kwidolophu yaseAnchiano eTuscany, ngoku eItali. Wazalelwa ngaphandle komtshato kwaye wayengumntwana ongekho mthethweni owayebizwa ngokuba nguLeonardo okanye 'Il Florentine' emva kwekhaya lakhe eFlorence.

Obomi bakwangoko

Uyise kaLeonardo wayeligqwetha lendawo waza wamthumela eFlorence njengomfundi kuAndrea del Verrocchio, umkroli nomzobi. UDa Vinci waba ligcisa elizimeleyo eFlorence's Guild of Saint Luke ngo-1478 eneminyaka eyi-20. Wafudukela eMilan ukuya kusebenzela usapho lakwaSforza ngo-1483. AbakwaSforza yayilusapho olwalulawula ngelo xesha, yaye baqesha uda Vinci njengomsebenzi wakhe. injineli, umkroli, umzobi, nomyili wezakhiwo. IMilan yahlaselwa ngamaFrentshi ngowe-1499, yanyanzela usapho lakwaSforza ukuba basabe, noDa Vinci ukuba abuyele eFlorence.

Florence

U-Lorenzo de' Medici, umlawuli waseFlorence ngo-1482, waqesha u-da Vinci ukuba enze ihadi yesilivere njengomnikelo woxolo kaLudovico Sforza. ULeonardo waqhubeka nomsebenzi noLudovico emva kokugqiba ilire. Wazoba iiplani zeenqwelo zokulwa ezineentsimbi zerhengqa, itanki elinezixhobo eziqhutywa ngabasebenzi, kunye neentonga ezinkulu ezinqamlezileyo. ULudovico wachukunyiswa yimizobo kaDa Vinci, ngoko ke waqesha uLeonardo njengenjineli yasemkhosini kunye negcisa.

Inzululwazi kunye noBugcisa

ULeonardo kunye nezinye iinkokeli ezininzi zeRenaissance bajonga isayensi kunye nobugcisa njengezifundo ezidibeneyo endaweni yeenkalo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Wasebenza njengenjineli yezomkhosi ngo-1502-1503 esenzela uCesare Borgia, umthetheli womkhosi kapopu. Umsebenzi wakhe wamkhokelela ekubeni aphume eFlorence ukuya kuphonononga iindawo zokwakha zasemkhosini, ukuzoba iiplani zesixeko, kwaye enze iimephu zembonakalo yendawo. Kwakhona wasebenza noNiccolo Machiavelli, idiplomate, kwiprojekthi yokuguqula indlela yoMlambo waseArno ukukhusela ukufikelela kwiintshaba ngexesha lemfazwe.

I-Anatomy

ULeonardo da Vinci wayekholelwa ukuba ukubona yeyona nto ibalulekileyo, kwaye amehlo alelona lungu libalulekileyo. Wabethelela igama elithi ‘saper vedere,’ elithetha ukwazi ukubona. ULeonardo wathi umzobi olungileyo kufuneka apeyinte indoda kunye nenjongo yomphefumlo wakhe. Wafunda i-anatomy ngowe-1480, ngoxa wayecanda imizimba yabantu neyezilwanyana ukuze aphucule ulwazi lwakhe. Imizobo yentliziyo kunye nenkqubo ye-vascular, izitho zokuzala, amathambo, kunye nesakhiwo se-muscle esibhalwe ngu-da Vinci yiminye yeyokuqala kwimbali ebhaliweyo.

Iindlela zokuPeyinta

ULeonardo da Vinci upeyinte umzobo oseludongeni 'weSidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela' kwisichasi seMonastery yaseSanta Maria delle Grazie, eMilan. Wasebenza kubugcisa bakhe kwikhaya leemonki ukusuka ngo-1452-1519. Imizobo yeoli 'yeSidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela' kunye 'noMona Lisa' zagqitywa ngeli xesha ngokunjalo. Iindlela ezimbini zokupeyinta ezisasetyenziswayo namhlanje zaveliswa nguda Vinci. IChiaroscuro bubuchule obusebenzisa umahluko omkhulu phakathi kobumnyama nokukhanya. Inika inkalo ye-dimensional emithathu kwimizobo. I-Sfumato yinkqubo yokusebenzisa ukuhlelwa kombala okufihlakeleyo endaweni yemida ecacileyo.

Isidlo Sangokuhlwa Sokugqibela

ISidlo Sokugqibela kwindonga ye-refractory yi-tempera kunye ne-oil mural kwi-plaster kunye nemilinganiselo ye-15 x 29 iinyawo. Umzobo ubonisa isidlo sePasika apho uYesu wathi omnye wabapostile bakhe wayeza kumngcatsha. ULeonardo da Vinci unikwe imbeko ngokuthatha ulwimi lomzimba kunye nembonakalo yobuso yabaPostile kakuhle kangangokuba iimvakalelo ziphantse zabonakala. Wababeka abapostile ngeenxa zonke kuYesu ngoko ke kwacaca ukuba uYesu wahluliwe kubo, nangona wayesembindini weqela. Umzobo oseludongeni usetyenziswa njengomzekelo wokukhuthaza nokufundisa amagcisa amatsha.

Intsapho kunye nabafundi

ULeonardo wayenabafundi kunye nabalandeli abamalunga neshumi elinesibini ngo-1506. Bachitha ixesha labo elininzi kunye naye eMilan. Abanye babafundi baka-da Vinci, abafana noBernardino Luini, uGiovanni Antonio Boltraffio, noMarco d'Oggiono, baye baba ngabapeyinti abaziwayo nabakroli. ULeonardo nabafundi bakhe bagqibezela i-equestrian figure yerhuluneli yaseFransi yaseMilan, uCharles II d'Amboise. UDa Vinci wabuyela eFlorence ngowe-1507 ekufeni kukayise. Wasala ejongene nokuxambulisana phakathi kwabantakwabo 17-19 malunga nelifa likayise. ULeonardo wabuyela eMilan ngo-1508 ukuze aphile iminyaka yakhe yokugqibela ePorta Orientale.

Uyilo

ULeonardo da Vinci wafunda izifundo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo, yaye uninzi lwazo wazifaka kwimizobo yakhe. Wazoba uyilo oluchanekileyo lwebhayisekile, ihelikopta, inkwili kunye netanki. Ukwayile nomatshini omkhulu welulwane elibhabhayo osekelwe kumilambo welulwane lokwenene. ULeonardo wayemalunga neminyaka engama-500 ngaphambi kwexesha, njengoko kamva uninzi lwaba matshini baye bakhiwa. USigmund Freud wamchaza uda Vinci njengendoda eyavuka kwangethuba ebumnyameni, ngoxa abanye babesalele.

Iminyaka yokugqibela

ULeonardo da Vinci wayeneminyaka engama-67 xa wafayo ngoMeyi 2, 1519. Oyena nobangela wokufa kwakhe si stroke. Wasebenza kwizifundo zakhe zenzululwazi kunye neeprojekthi de wafa. ULeonard ushiye iiprojekthi ezininzi zingagqitywanga, kwaye isihandiba esincinci esibizwa ngokuba nguFrancesco Melzi safumana ilifa lika-da Vinci. UMelzi wayelelona qabane lisondeleyo likaLeonardo kwishumi leminyaka lokugqibela lobomi bakhe. 'UMona Lisa' washiywa kuSalai, umfundi kunye nomhlobo kaDa Vinci.

Ilifa

Imifanekiso yeHildaWeges / Getty

ULeonardo da Vinci ukhunjulwa ngokuyintloko njengegcisa. Umzobo wakhe 'uSalvator Mundi' wathengwa kwifandesi ye-450.3 yezigidi zeedola ngo-2017. Isixa sahlawulwa yi-arhente ye-United Arab Emirates. Ixabiso lokuthenga libethe irekhodi elidala le-179.4 yezigidi zeedola ngeyona piece ibiza kakhulu eyakhe yathengiswa. Yayiyeyokugqibela kwimizobo ka-da Vinci esaphilayo eyaziwa ngokuba yingqokelela yabucala. ULeonardo da Vinci wamkelwa njengegcisa elinetalente, kodwa akazange afumane ukuwongwa okufanayo kwimpumelelo yakhe yesayensi. Amawakawaka amaphepha kwiijenali zakhe zabucala afunyanwa ixesha elide emva kokufa kwakhe kwaye azaliswe yimizobo, imigqaliselo, kunye namanqaku achaza umsebenzi wakhe wesayensi.