Wayengubani uSocrates?

USocrates wayephila phakathi kowama-469-399 B.C. kwisixeko samandulo samaGrike iAthene. Ujongwa njengomnye wabantu abaseka intanda-bulumko yaseNtshona. Wayengubani uSocrates? Wayelijoni elaligqalwa ngokusebenza ngokwahlukileyo, kodwa yintanda-bulumko yakhe eyaqinisa indawo yakhe embalini.

USocrates wabuza yonke into naye wonke umntu. Akazange athabathe nayiphi na ‘inyaniso’ ngokwembono yakhe. Indlela yakhe yokufundisa, eyaziwa ngokuba yiNdlela kaSocrates, yayingasekelwanga ekudluliseleni inkcazelo kubafundi bakhe. Wayebuza imibuzo ukuze ancede abafundi bakhe bafikelele kolwabo ukuqonda. Oyena mfundi wakhe udumileyo sisithandi sobulumko uPlato.

Ubomi bokuqala bukaSocrates

Wazalelwa eAthene waza wachitha phantse ubomi bakhe bonke esixekweni. Uyise, uSophroniscus, wayengumqingqi wamatye. Unina, uPhaenarette, wayengumbelekisi. USocrates ngokwakhe wayengumzobi, umkroli nemvumi. Wasukela ulwazi kwasebuncinaneni bakhe waza wafuna imibhalo kaAnaxagoras, owayesisithandi sobulumko esaziwayo ngelo xesha. Wafunda izakhono zokuthetha kunye ne-oratory kwi-Aspasia. UAspasia wayeyinkosikazi kaPericles, inkokeli edumileyo yaseAthene.

Umsebenzi wasemkhosini

Usapho lukaSocrates lwalunobutyebi obaneleyo bokumbeka kwindlela yokusebenza njenge hoplite. Ihoplite yayilijoni elihamba ngeenyawo kwimikhosi yaseAthene. Wayelijoni elihonjisiweyo elaziwa ngonyamezelo lwasemzimbeni kunye nesibindi. Wahlangula iAlcibiades ebudeni bokungqingwa kwePotidaea, isixeko saseKorinte. UAlcibiades waba yinjengele yaseAthene. USocrates wasiwa kuhambo lwasemkhosini kwiminyaka yoo-420, kodwa wayeseAthene ngokufuthi ngokwaneleyo ukuba aziwe kwaye athandwe ngabantu abaselula.

Indawo kaSocrates eAthene Society

USocrates akazange ayikhabe ngokuthe ngqo imbono esemthethweni yase-Athene ngonqulo, kodwa wayesoloko ebhekisela kuthixo omnye endaweni yoothixo abaninzi. Kwakhona wathi ukhokelwa lilizwi likaThixo elingaphakathi. Watsalela ingqalelo yakhe eAthene ngenkangeleko yakhe emdaka, ehamba esixekweni enganxibanga zihlangu eneenwele ezinde ezingahlanjwanga. IAthene yayinemilinganiselo engqongqo, esulungekileyo yococeko nokuziphatha kakuhle kodwa uSocrates wayengenamdla kudumo okanye kumandla, nto leyo eyayingaqhelekanga kwiAthene yamandulo.

UbuGcisa boMlinganiso

Enye yezona ntsonkotha zaziwayo ezaphononongwa nguSocrates nabafundi bakhe yayinxulumene nokhetho lokuziphatha. USocrates wayethandabuza enoba ubuthathaka bentliziyo bungunobangela wesono xa ubani ekwazi ngokwenene oko kulungileyo. Wayekholelwa ukuba abantu benza izenzo ezaziwa ngokuba ziziphatha kakubi kuba iinzuzo zazibonakala zingaphezu kweendleko. USocrates wacebisa ukuba uphuhliso lwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha lunokwenziwa 'ngobugcisa bokulinganisa.' Ubugcisa bokulinganisa banike abantu amandla okulungisa indlela yokucinga egqwethekileyo ngelixa behlalutya iindleko kunye nenzuzo yezenzo zomntu ngamnye.

Ukungazi noBulumko

Intetho yaseDelphic yayigqalwa njengeyona ndoda ilumkileyo yaseAthene, kodwa uSocrates wayengakholelwa ukuba yinyaniso leyo. Wayefuna ukuqonda imida yolwazi lomntu. Ekuqonda ukungazi kwakhe, wayekholelwa ukuba ukuqonda kwakungumahluko phakathi kwakhe nezinye iinkcuba-buchopho zaseAthene.



Wayethandabuza ubulumko neengqondi zemveli. Wagqiba kwelokuba abo bahlonelwayo ngokufuthi babengenalwazi ngakumbi kunabantu abaqhelekileyo. Esi simo sengqondo kunye nomkhwa wokubuza abadala wamenza wathandwa kwizizukulwana ezincinci. Abalandeli abaselula bakaSocrates bawayeka amabhongo esithethe okufunda intanda-bulumko. Ifilosofi ivela kwigama lesiGrike elithetha uthando, 'iphilo,' kunye negama elithi ubulumko 'sophia.' Ngoko intanda-bulumko ngokoqobo ithetha 'ukuthanda ubulumko.'

INdibano

USocrates wazama ukuziphepha ezobupolitika. Wayenabahlobo phakathi kwawo onke amacala emfazwe yamandla eqhubekayo ngaphakathi kweAthene. Wakhethwa ukuba akhonze kwindibano yaseAthene ngowama-406 B.C. emva kokuphela kweMfazwe yasePeloponnesian. Wachasa umzamo ongekho mthethweni wokubeka uninzi lwabaphathi abaphezulu baseAthene kwilingo lokungaphumeleli ukubuyisela abafileyo babo emva kokulwa neSparta. Nguye kuphela umchasi womlinganiselo. Zonke iinjengele zabulawa xa uSocrates wayigqiba inkonzo yakhe yendibano.

Ukungathobeli kwaBantu

Kwiminyaka emithathu emva kokuba ekwindibano, urhulumente okhohlakeleyo waseAthene wamyalela ukuba ancedise ekubanjweni nasekubulaweni kukaLeon waseSalamis. USocrates wala lo myalelo, yaye isenzo sakhe sokungathobeli sacatshulwa nguMartin Luther King kwiLeta yakhe evela kwiNtolongo yaseBirmingham. UCritias noAlcibiades bobabini babengoozwilakhe ababengabafundi bakaSocrates ngaxeshanye.

Uvavanyo

USocrates wabekwa ityala lokungahloneli Thixo ngowama-399 BCE. Abamangaleli bakhe yayinguMeletus imbongi, uAnytus umsuki, kunye noLycon isithethi. ULycon wafuna isigwebo sokufa. Isityholo saseburhulumenteni sathi unetyala lokukhanyela izithixo ezazisaziwa ngurhulumente nokusungula imibutho emitsha. Ukwabekwe ityala lokonakalisa ulutsha. Abanye ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba izityholo awayetyatyekwa ngazo uSocrates zaziphenjelelwa ngokobuqu nangokwezobupolitika kuba iAthene yayisandul’ ukubhukuqa ‘Abangoozwilakhe Abangamashumi Amathathu.’ UCritias wayengunyana ka-Anytus, kwaye uAnytus wamgxeka ngenxa yenkohlakalo yonyana wakhe.

Ukugwetyelwa nokugwetywa

USocrates akazange alinanze icebiso labahlobo bakhe waza walugatya uncedo lukaLisiya, owayenobuchule bokubhala intetho ngelo xesha. Amagqwetha ayengasetyenziswa eAthene ngeli xesha, yaye abantu babezithethelela enkundleni nababhali bentetho. ULisiya wayegqalwa njengomnye wababhali bentetho ababalaseleyo. Wanikela ngeenkonzo zakhe kuSocrates simahla. USocrates wazithethelela ngokuvakalisa ukuba umsulwa nangokuzivakalisa 'ungubawu.' Isibawu yayingumntu owazisa eAthene ngeendleko zakhe. USocrates wacebisa ukuba agcinwe ePrytaneum ekwisikhundla esibekekileyo kunokuba agwetyelwe ukufa. Oku kwakugqalwa njengesithuko esinzulu sokuzukisa iAthene. I-Prytaneum yayisisakhiwo esineziko eliphakathi kunye nomlilo ongcwele omele impilo kunye namandla esixeko. Umlilo ongcwele wawunyanyekelwa ngukumkani nentsapho yakhe.

Ilifa

Emva kwetyala, wagwetyelwa ukufa. Wasenza esakhe isigwebo ngokusela ihemlock. Kwabakho ukulibaziseka kweentsuku ezingama-30 phakathi kokugwetywa nokufa kwakhe ngenxa yomthendeleko wonqulo. Abahlobo nabafundi bakhe bamkhuthaza ukuba abaleke eAthene ngelo xesha, kodwa akazange avume. UPlato wabhekisela kuSocrates emva kokuba esi sigwebo siwiswe 'njengoyena mntu ulumkileyo nosesikweni, noyena mntu ubalaseleyo endakha ndamazi.'

Abafundi bakaSocrates, ingakumbi uPlato noXenophon, baqhubeka neemfundiso zakhe. UPlato waqhubeka nokufundisa uAristotle, waza uAristotle waba ngumcebisi ka-Aleksandire Omkhulu. Uloyiso luka-Aleksandire Omkhulu lwasasaza ingcamango kaSocrates yentanda-bulumko yamaGrike kulo lonke ihlabathi ngelo xesha. UXenophon wayeyinkokeli enkulu yasemkhosini, umbhali-mbali kunye nesithandi sobulumko. Wabhala i I-Symposium kwaye Uxolo, kunye neengxelo ezininzi zembali zeziganeko zeGrisi yamandulo.