Wayengubani uCarl Sagan?

UCarl Sagan wayengusosayensi wenkulungwane yama-20 owazalwa ngo-1934 eNew York. Wafa ngoDisemba 20, 1996, eneminyaka engama-62 ngenxa yeengxaki zenyumoniya kunye nesifo samathambo esibizwa ngokuba yi-myelodysplasia. USagan wayenemfundo eyahluka-hlukeneyo kwiinkalo zenzululwazi ezininzi ezibandakanya i-physics, i-astronomy, i-biology, kunye ne-cosmology. USagan waba negalelo kwintsebenziswano yobuvulindlela phakathi kwezazinzulu kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Uye wanceda ukuchaza iinkalo ezimbini ezintsha zesayensi yeplanethi kunye ne-exobiology.

Ukufikelela eluntwini

Igalelo elikhulu likaCarl Sagan kwihlabathi yayikukwazi kwakhe ukucacisa inzululwazi kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Izazinzulu ezininzi, ngakumbi abaphandi, abalungile ekuchazeni umsebenzi wabo ngaphandle koluntu lwenzululwazi. USagan wathi ubuchule bakhe bokunxibelelana ngemibandela enjalo bubangelwa kukungabi 'ngoyena mfundi ukrelekrele.' Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uSagan wayengumntu okrelekrele kakhulu, kodwa wathi 'oyena ukrelekrele' ufunxa iikhonsepthi ezintsha ngoko nangoko kwaye akaqhelananga nenkqubo yokuqonda uninzi lwabantu abanamava ngelixa kusakhiwa ulwazi.

Imfundo kunye neCandelo lezeMfundo

USagan wayenomdla obanzi wobukrelekrele. Wafumana izidanga ezininzi kuyo yonke imfundo yakhe kwaye wayenomsebenzi obanzi wokufunda.

• Ufunde kwiYunivesithi yaseChicago kwi-scholarship ngo-1951
• Wafumana izidanga zobugqirha kwi-astronomy kunye ne-astrophysics ngo-1960
• Iminyaka emibini eBerkeley naseSanford njengogxa wasemva kobugqirha kwibhayoloji
• Unjingalwazi oncedisayo kwiKholeji yaseHarvard yeFakhalthi yeenkwenkwezi
• Isikhundla sikaDavid Duncan uNjingalwazi we-Astronomy kunye noMlawuli weLebhu yezifundo zePlanethi kwiYunivesithi yaseCornell ngo-1968.
• Wahlala eCornell de wasweleka ngo-1996

NASA

UCarl Sagan wayebandakanyeka ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yaseMelika. Wayengumcebisi weNASA ngeminyaka yoo-1950 kwaye waxelela oosomajukujuku ngaphambi kokufika kwenyanga ye-Apollo. USagan ukhuthaze uchulumanco kuluntu nakurhulumente malunga nokuphononongwa kwendawo, kwaye unikwe imbeko ngokufumana inkxaso-mali kwimishini yaseGalileo. UGalileo waqaliswa ukuba aphande iJupiter kunye nezinye izidalwa zasezulwini kwisixokelelwano selanga. I-NASA ngoku yakha i-laboratory kunye negalari yoluntu ukuphucula intsebenziswano kuphando kunye nophuhliso phakathi kwezemfundo, ishishini kunye neminye imibutho. Ibizwa ngokuba yiZiko leSagan ngokuhlonipha umnqweno kaCarl Sagan wokusasaza ulwazi, kwaye iya kuvuleleka kuluntu jikelele.

Ukuhamba

Iziphekepheke ezibini zeVoyager ezasungulwa ngowe-1977 ngasinye sasinerekhodi yegramafoni yobhedu etyatyekwe ngegolide eyaziwa ngokuba yiGolden Records. UCarl Sagan ukhokele ikomiti ukuba ikhethe umxholo weeRekhodi zeGolide. Zinezandi nemifanekiso ebonisa ubomi emhlabeni. Izandi zazivela kwindalo, kwizilwanyana, kumculo wezithethe ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuhleka, nemibuliso ethethwayo ngeelwimi ezingama-55. USagan uquke nesicatshulwa esikhuthazayo 'Per Aspera ad Astra' kwikhowudi yeMorse. Isicatshulwa sithetha 'ngobunzima kwiinkwenkwezi.'

Uphando lwakwangoko

Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zazikholelwa ukuba iVenus yayinemozulu efana noMhlaba de kwafunyaniswa ukuba i-astronomy kanomathotholo ngeminyaka yee-1960 yafumanisa ukuba iVenus yayikumphezulu oshushu kakhulu. Uphando lokuqala lukaSagan kunye nethisisi ibandakanya imodeli yokuqala ye-greenhouse emoyeni. USagan ucingele ukuba ukukhanya kwe-infrared kwikharbon diokside kunye nomphunga wamanzi kuvelise amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwamakhulu eedigri ngaphezulu kweplanethi engenamoya. Wandisa kuphando lwakhe lokuqala kwaye wabandakanyeka kuphononongo lwe-NASA's Mariner. Iziphumo zoMariner ziqinisekisa iithiyori zikaSagan, kwaye iimodeli zakhe zeVenus zisasetyenziswa nanamhlanje. U-Sagan uphinde waphuhlisa ithiyori ngoMars kwaye waba negalelo kuphononongo lwe-NASA yeViking yesijikelezi-langa esibomvu.

Ii-UFOs

UCarl Sagan wayengakholelwa ukuba ii-UFOs zizixhobo zangaphandle. Wayeziqonda ngokucokisekileyo iingcaciso ezininzi zeenqwelo-moya ezingaziwayo kunye nezizathu zokuba abantu bacinge ngempazamo ngezidalwa ezingaphandle komhlaba endaweni yoko. U-Sagan ubambe i-symposium ye-American Association for the Advancement of Science ngo-1969 ukuze ahlalutye iingcamango ze-UFO. Wagcina ukuba akukho bungqina bemisebenzi yangaphandle enxulumene ne-UFOs, kodwa wafaneleka isikhundla sakhe kancinane ngokuvumela ukuba ubungqina bufunyanwe. Imvume yenzeka ngenxa yokuba uSagan wayengafuni ukutyhafisa amakholwa ekufuneni ulwazi olongezelelekileyo okanye abathintele ekuzimaseni ungcelele lweentetho.

Iimpapasho

Uluhlu lukaSagan lweencwadi ezipapashiweyo lungaphezulu kwamaphepha angama-250 ubude kwaye inoveli yakhe ethi 'Qhagamshelana' yaba ngumboniso bhanyabhanya othandwayo. Umdla wakhe yayikukuphucula ukuqonda koluntu ngesayensi kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthandabuza ukuze wonke umntu abone amabango obuxoki okanye ipropaganda kwezorhwebo, kwezopolitiko nakwisayensi. USagan wayekholelwa ukuba izazinzulu zinomsebenzi wokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha okuhle ukuthetha noluntu kunye nokujongana nolwazi olungeyonyani ngokuthe ngqo. Ngaphandle kokuma kwakhe okungqongqo ngokuchasene ne-pseudoscience, uSagan wala ukuthabatha inxaxheba kuyo nantoni na ethoba inkolo okanye iinkolelo zobunzululwazi. Ingqiqo kaSagan yayikukuba abantu abafundi ngokujamelana, kwaye injongo yokuqonda ngokubanzi ayinakufezekiswa ngokuphumelela umlo okanye ukuhlukanisa abantu.

Umabonwakude

Umsebenzi kamabonakude kaSagan waqala emva kokuba epapashe 'I-Cosmic Connection.' Wabonakala kuqala Umboniso wangokuhlwanje kunye noJohnny Carson ' ngo-1973 kwaye wabonakala kumboniso amaxesha angama-26 ewonke. USagan wayenomdla kakhulu kwaye wayedla ngokuzisa iifoto zamva nje ezivela kwimishini yeNASA. Udumo lwakhe lwakhula ngokukhawuleza. Ubonise uthotho lweziqendu ezili-13 zikamabonakude ICosmos: Uhambo lomntu ' ebhalwe nguSagan, Anne Druyan, kunye noSteven Soter. Lo mboniso waqala ukuboniswa kwi-PBS ngo-1980. Njengoko olu chungechunge lukhula ngokuthandwa, lwathengwa ngamanye amanethiwekhi kwaye lwathengiswa njengeseti yebhokisi yeVHS. Ukongezwa kweziqendu ezitsha zeSagan ezixoxa ngezinto ezifunyenweyo zamva nje kunye neembono ezizezinye ukusukela oko kusasazo lwantlandlolo lubangele umdla ngakumbi kumboniso.

Unqulo

Intsapho yamaSagan yayingamaYuda aHlaziyiweyo. Uyise kaCarl, uSamuel Sagan, wayengumphambukeli ovela kwinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya ngoku eyiUkraine. Umama kaSagan uRachel wayengumfazi ozinikele kakhulu waseNew York. Abantwana babo ababini, uCarol noCarl, babenolwalamano olusenyongweni kunye nabazali babo. Iingcamango zikaSagan ngonqulo zaphenjelelwa kakhulu ngabazali bakhe. Intsapho yayihluphekile kwaye inamava obunzima, kodwa uSamuel Sagan wenza imisebenzi yesisa kwaye wakhuthaza imibutho yabasebenzi. USagan uxoxa ngonina kwiincwadi zakhe ezininzi kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba umama wakhe 'wayeyingcali yokwenyani' ecinezelwe yinkolo yakhe, isini, kunye nesimo sakhe njengomfazi wekhaya. USagan wathi akazange angakholelwa kubukho bukaThixo, kodwa wayethandabuza inkolo elungelelanisiweyo kwaye waphuhlisa iimbono zakhe ezininzi.

amanqaku kunye ne-spencer christmas ad

Ubomi Bomntu

USagan watshata izihlandlo ezithathu, kwaye unabantwana abahlanu. Bobabini ababesakuba ngabafazi bakaSagan bathi uCarl ugxile kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe kunye nokufuna rhoqo ulwazi kwakhokelela ekubeni angabikho kwintsapho yakhe. Umtshato wesithathu kaCarl kumbhali u-Anne Druyan wahlala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20 de wafa. UDruyan wayebandakanyeka kakhulu kumsebenzi kaSagan nakwizinto zengqondo kunabafazi bakhe bokuqala ababini. UDruyan wabelane ngokuthanda kukaCarl ngezizathu zentlalo nezopolitiko ezinxulumene nesayensi. Wayengumbhali kungcelele lwamanqaku akhe, umbhali-mlingane weenoveli ezininzi kunye nezinye iimpapasho, kwaye wamnceda ukuba asebenze kwisibongozo sendalo esingqongileyo 'Ukulondoloza nokuwuxabisa umhlaba.'