Wayengubani uGeorge Orwell?

Igama likaGeorge Orwell liye laphila ixesha elide emva kokufa kwakhe, ngokuyinxenye ngenxa yemisebenzi yakhe emangalisayo yoncwadi kunye nendlela eziye zachaphazela ngayo iimbono zethu ngorhulumente kunye namandla akhe. Ngeziqwenga ezifana 'neFama yeziLwanyana' kunye 'no-1984,' u-Orwell uhlala engumntu obalaseleyo kwingqondo yoluntu. Nangona bebaninzi abantu abakwaziyo ukuzazi ezi ncwadi, bambalwa kakhulu abanokwazi ukuba ngubani obhale ezi ncwadi. U-Orwell wayengathandi upapasho, ebhalela umhlobo kamva ebomini bakhe ukuba wayenqwenela ukubaleka eluntwini emva kwempumelelo yeFama yeZilwanyana. Ke ngubani uGeorge Orwell ngokwenene?

UGeorge Orwell wazalelwa eMotihari, eBengal, eIndiya

Wazalelwa uRichard no-Ida Blair, igama lakhe lokuzalwa ngu-Eric Arthur Blair. Uyise wasebenza kwiNkonzo yaseIndiya kwaye akazange akhe ubuhlobo obusondeleyo nonyana wakhe okuphela kwakhe. Xa uEric wayemalunga nonyaka omnye ubudala, unina wafudukela eOxfordshire noEric nodade wabo omdala uMarjorie, eshiya uyise ngasemva kwinkonzo karhulumente yaseIndiya. Wayengandwendweli rhoqo yaye wayeka ukuba kunye nentsapho ngowe-1912. Udade boEric omncinane uAvril wazalwa ngowe-1908.

Wafunda eNgilani njengomntwana

Okokuqala wabhalisa kwisikolo soonongendi kwaye emva koko iSt Cyprian School e-Eastbourne, e-East Sussex, imfundo yobuntwana ka-Orwell yayimfiliba. Isincoko sakhe esithi 'So, So were The Joy' sasingamagqabantshintshi ngale minyaka ingenamthukuthuku. Ukupapasha imibongo emibini ngexesha lakhe e-St Cyprian, waphumelela i-scholarship e-Wellington nase-Eton, izikolo ezibini ze-English Boarding. Wamkela indawo eWellington ngelixa elinde ukuvulwa e-Eton. Kamva waxelela umhlobo wakhe wobuntwana ukuba ixesha lakhe eWellington lalibi, kodwa wayeyonwabela i-Eton. Phezu kwako nje ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwizinto ezininzi zoncwadi esikolweni, amanqaku akhe ayemancinci kakhulu ukuba angangena eyunivesithi, ngoko u-Orwell nentsapho yakhe bagqiba kwelokuba uya kujoyina i-Imperial Police eIndiya.

Wayekhonza eIndiya kodwa wayengayithandi indima yakhe

U-Orwell wayenelisekile endaweni yakhe ixesha elithile kodwa wayengumntu wangaphandle kunye namanye amagosa. Wafumana ubomi bamapolisa bubuthuntu kwaye wayesoloko ekhangela iindlela ezincinci zokubaleka umsebenzi awayengawuthandi. Kwakhona waqalisa ukuziva enetyala ngenxa yendima yakhe ekuqhubeleni phambili ingcinezelo yamandla amakhulu ehlabathini. Isikhundla sakhe kamva sabaliswa ngeziqwenga ezifana 'NeeNtsuku ZaseBurma,' 'Ukudubula Indlovu,' 'Nokuxhoma.' Wathatha umhlala-phantsi emva kweminyaka engaphezulu kancinane kwinkonzo karhulumente ngowe-1927.

Wahlala kwiNtlupheko ukuze afumane iNdlela eyahlukileyo

Emva kokubuyela eNgilani, u-Orwell wagqiba ekubeni aqhubeke nephupha lakhe lokuba ngumbhali. Ukuze abe nombono ongcono ngelizwe awayephila kulo ngelo xesha, wangqala eMonti, wamkela igama elahlukileyo wasebenza imisebenzi ephantsi. Incwadi yakhe yokuqala ethi, 'Down And Out In Paris and London,' iphonononge la mava ngokweenkcukacha ezithe vetshe. Phakathi kweParis neLondon, u-Orwell waqhubeka nokuhlola kwakhe kwintlupheko yokuqala kwisiqingatha seshumi leminyaka.

Wahamba phakathi kweParis neNgilani

Ngomnyaka we-1928, u-Orwell wafudukela eParis, ehlala kwindawo yabasebenzi kwaye efumana impumelelo ekhulayo njengentatheli. Noko ke, emva kokugula nokubiwa okwalandelayo ngowe-1929, waqalisa umsebenzi ophantsi awayewenza ngaphambili, wokuqokelela izinto eziphathekayo aze aphinde alungelelane ngokwasemalini. Sekunjalo, akazange ahlale eParis ixesha elide, waza ekugqibeleni wabuyela eNgilani ngoDisemba ka-1929.

Waba nguMfundisi ngowe-1932

Emva kokubuyela eNgilani, u-Orwell wachitha ixesha lokufundisa nokubhala ngaphambi kokuthatha isikhundla esisemthethweni sokufundisa kwi-Hawthorns High School eWest London. Kamva wathatha esinye isikhundla kwiKholeji yaseFrays eMiddlesex. Emva kokuhlaselwa yinyumoniya okuyingozi ngowe-1934, u-Orwell wayeka ukufundisa waza wafudukela eLondon ngasekupheleni kwaloo nyaka. Phakathi komsebenzi wakhe kwivenkile yeencwadi eLondon kunye nophando lwakhe lobuqu kwiimeko zentlalo eNgilani, u-Orwell waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokubhala iminyaka emininzi. Watshata noEileen O’Shaughnessy ngowe-1936, ngoxa iingxwabangxwaba zaseSpeyin zazisanda. U-Orwell wanikela ingqalelo ngokukhawuleza kule ngxabano kwaye washiya ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwiMfazwe yaseSpain kamva ngaloo nyaka.

Walwa kwiMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseSpain

U-Orwell wayezimisele ukudlala indima yakhe ekulweni ne-fascism, kwaye ukubandakanyeka kwakhe kwiMfazwe yaseSpain yachaphazela kakhulu iimbono zakhe zezopolitiko. Ngelixa waqala imfazwe ngeembono ezingathandekiyo ukuya kumakomanisi, ukugqwethwa kweenyani kunye nobuxoki obuvela kushicilelo lwamakomanisi kwenza impembelelo engapheliyo ku-Orwell. Wayenqwenela ukulwa ngokwakhe phambi kweMadrid kodwa wayengekho kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba adutyulwe emqaleni. Kamva wabhengezwa njengongafanelekanga ukuba asebenze kwaye wanyanzelwa ukuba ahlehle ayozimela nenkosikazi yakhe njengoko amajelo osasazo amakomanisi ayenyusa uhlaselo ngakuye kunye nombutho awayekade eyinxalenye yawo, iWorkers’ Party of Marxist Unification. Ekugqibeleni yena nenkosikazi yakhe babaleka babuyela eLondon.

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Wabhala ifama yezilwanyana ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi

Akakwazi ukukhonza kwiWWII, u-Orwell wabeka ingqwalasela yakhe kwaye wagxila kwinoveli 'yeFama yezilwanyana' kunye nemisebenzi enxulumene nemfazwe. Ekugqibeleni wafumana isithuba seBBC awayesibambe iminyaka emibini. Ngo-1944 u-Orwell nomfazi wakhe bamkela umntwana oyinkwenkwe, bamthiya ngokuba nguRichard. Ngowe-1945 iFama yeZilwanyana yakhululwa, yaye kungekudala emva kokuba u-Orwell wanikwa ithuba lokuba ngunobhala wemfazwe eParis naseCologne. Intlekele yachaphazela ubomi buka-Orwell xa u-Eileen wafela apho ngexesha lotyando, eshiya u-Orwell yedwa ukuba anyamekele uRichard.

Wabhala ishumi elinesithoba elinamashumi asibhozo anesine ngelixa impilo yakhe ibisiba nkenenkene

Kwiminyaka embalwa elandelayo emva kweFama yeZilwanyana, u-Orwell wafumana impumelelo yehlabathi kwaye wasebenza kubuntatheli kunye nokubhala kwakhe. Ekugqibeleni wabuyela kwisiqithi saseJura ukuya kugqiba ishumi elinesithoba elinesibhozo elinesine. Wabhala ngobushushu ngeli xesha, ngokoqobo nangesafobe. Wayesoloko egula, ekhathazwa sisifuba esibuthathaka ukususela ebuntwaneni. Wayesazi ngesifo sephepha awayekrokrela ukuba unesifo sephepha kangangexesha elithile kodwa wasifihla eso sigulo de kwasemva kwexesha elide, xa isiganeko sokuhamba ngesikhephe samnyanzela ukuba abonane nogqirha kwaye aqinisekise eso sifo. Wanikwa unyango olunzulu kunye nolunyanzelisayo 'oluphelisa' isifo ixesha elithile, elivumela ukuba abuyele eJura ukugqiba idrafti yencwadi yakhe edumileyo; Ishumi elinesithoba elinamashumi asibhozo anesine lapapashwa ngoJuni ka-1949.

Wabulawa sisifo sephepha ngowe-1950

Ngowe-1950, emva kweminyaka eliqela esilwa nesifo, isifo sephepha sikaGeorge Orwell samphumelela. Umyeni wakhe, uSonia Brownell, wamnyamekela ngelixa wayekwiSibhedlele seKholeji yaseYunivesithi eLondon kodwa ngoJanuwari 21, 1950, u-Orwell wabulawa sisifo sephepha. Ungcwatywe kwintendelezo yerhamente yeAll Saints, eSutton Courtenay, eOxfordshire.